Introduction to Biology PDF

**Introduction to biology** Biology is concerned with bios (the Greek word for life) and logas (the study of living organisms in terms of their form, structure, formation, emergence, development, inheritance of characteristics, functions of their organs, life history, distribution in the present an...

**Introduction to biology** Biology is concerned with bios (the Greek word for life) and logas (the study of living organisms in terms of their form, structure, formation, emergence, development, inheritance of characteristics, functions of their organs, life history, distribution in the present and past, their relationship with their environment in which they live, and their relationship to each other. According to the old classification system, living organisms are divided into only two kingdoms: \(1) The animal kingdom (Animalia) includes all the animals in the universe. \(2) The Kingdom Plantae (kingdom Plantae) includes all plants found on the globe As a result, biology is separated into two major sections: 1\) Zoology (the study of both living and extinct animals) 2\) Botany (the study of both living and extinct plants) According to the new classification proposed by Whittaker in the year 1919, it is called the (five-world) system is based on the distinction between Prokaryota and Eukaryota (living organisms) Those who are still alive and those who are extinct have been divided into five worlds: 1. Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia Recently, six kingdoms were adopted instead of five by a number of researchers, through division The kingdom of protozoa (Monera) is divided into two kingdoms: Eubacter and Archaea. The modern system of classification is characterized by scientific accuracy as it places living organisms in their taxonomic positions According to their evolutionary sequence, protozoa include bacteria (Bacteria (blue green algae), which are unicellular prokaryotic organisms. While Protista include eukaryotic or multicellular organisms such as Protozoa and other Algae. As for fungi, they are multicellular organisms with heterotrophy. As for the rest of the living organisms, they have been placed in two groups: plants, which are autotrophic and animals, (non-autotrophic) multicellular organisms that include two large groups of animals: **invertebrate** and **vertebrata**. **A historical overview of the development of biology** The universe of life has gone through several natural and historical stages, with various scientists appearing: **1- Ancient Egyptians (Pharaohs):** The Egyptians relied on human anatomy in the field of medicine, that\'s why they adopted the experimental nature, which is the spirit of scientific research in our modern era. **2- Ancient Greece:** The scientist Hippocrates (the father of medicine) used the scientific method in his medical research. The scientist Aristotle Thales (the father of life sciences) organized the science of life. The scientist Socrates (the father of botany) organized the sciences of plants. **3- Euphrates civilization:** The specific contributions of Euphrates civilization scientists to biology science included advancements in the study of plant and animal anatomy, classification of species, and the development of medical practices. **4- Islamic civilization in the Middle Ages:** **Jaber bin Hayyan**, a scientist, was interested in plant chemistry. **Ibn Sina**, an academic, wrote the book The Law, in which he discussed blood circulation and counting the pulse as important criteria for measuring heart health, as well as psychiatric problems and the system of Urinalysis and urinalysis. The scholar **Abu Bakr al-Razi** is known as the \"Father of Islamic Medicine,\" and his encyclopedic work was used as a reference for scholars in Europe until the middle of the fourteenth century AD, and he was the first to stitch up wounds using **threads** and skin. **Renaissance :** **The 17th century** The scientist L. Vanhoek, who was the maker of the microscope and was able to see sperm in the semen. **The 18th century** The Swedish scientist Lianaeus developed the binary system for naming living organisms, which is one of the foundations of science Modern classification. **19th century** The scientist **Cuvier** founded the science of comparative anatomy **Lamarck** put his theory in organic evolution **Bickat** classification of human tissues **Schwann** and **Schleiden** developed the cell theory **Fleming** discovered cell division for the first time **Hofmeister** accurately described fertilization in plants. This scientist also pointed out the principle of similarity in essential characteristics between different organisms. **Liebig** was the first to use chemistry in life science, especially botany. **Cloud Bernard** Laying the foundations of chemical physiology. **Pasteur** Discover the role of bacteria in causing disease **Ludwig** invented many devices used in the world of psychology, It is used even nowadays. **Darwin** developed theories of organic evolution **Weismann** developed a view of the reproductive plasma, or the germ, as he rejected the inheritance of acquired traits established by **Lamarck**, and he presented conclusive evidence to refute it. **Mendel** was considered the father of modern genetics. **Twentieth century** chemical and natural methods were used to a significant extent. Discovering most of the biochemical reactions to genetic phenomena, such as DNA replication and the process of Protein formation. **De Varies** developed the mutation theory The flourishing of the science of cell biology in all its branches The scientist **Krebs** discovered the steps of biochemical reactions during cell respiration The scientist **Avery** and others proved that DNA is the genetic material The scientist **Morgan** laid the foundations of the gene view in explaining many inheritance processes Scientists **Watson & Crick** proposed the molecular structure of DNA - Scientist Smith discovered animal parasites that cause some diseases. **The importance of biology:** Biology is the basic foundation for a number of important scientific studies, such as human medicine, Veterinary medicine, pharmacy, nursing, agricultural improvement in quality and quantity, and so on. It has an important role in the field of medicine, agriculture improving, economic productions and providing information to serve other sciences **Biology subfields:** Biology is divided into numerous fields and areas to enable study and documentation. Dealing with biology, which includes the following branches: 1. **Morphology** It is the study of the exterior shape and structure of living creatures. 2. **Ecology** is a branch of environmental science.It is the science that investigates the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their surroundings. 3. **Taxonomy** is the science that explores the categorization of living species and their grouping to assist classification. Examine it and deal with it. **4 - Anatomy** It is the study of the interior structure of living creatures. **5 - Histopathology** It is the study of the structure and function of the tissues of living organisms. 6 - **Cytology** Research into the composition of cells and the work they do as living creatures. **7 - Genetics** Research into genetic material, hereditary traits, and how they are transmitted across generations. **8 - Physiology** It is the science that studies the functions of the organs of the body of living organisms. **9 - Microbiology** It is the science that is concerned with studying different microscopic organisms **10 - Parasitology** It is the science that studies the biological and environmental characteristics of parasites and the diseases they cause to living organisms. **11 - Algae Science - Phycology** Studying the biological and ecological properties of algae and how humans can benefit from them. **12 - Mycology** Studying biological and environmental characteristics of fungi and their relationship to humans. **13- Virology** Science which is concerned with the study of biological and environmental characteristics of viruses and the diseases they cause. **14 -- Entomology** It is the science that studies the biological and environmental characteristics of insects and their economic relationship. Disease is human **15 - Pathology** It is the science that researches the causes of various diseases and methods of treating them. **16- Evolution** Research into the origin and development of living organisms **17 - Molecular biology** A science concerned with studying the analysis and composition of fairies, their functions, and the methods of fairies' control over Manufacture of enzymes and hormones **18 - Embryology** This science investigates the stages of formation and growth of living organisms, starting from the process of formation. The fertilized egg until the animal completes its development