PSYCH 282 CONT 1 Questions
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Questions and Answers

Which scenario best illustrates the benefit of observing behavior under specific conditions?

  • Observing children's play in a classroom without any structured activities.
  • Observing how employees interact during a team-building exercise.
  • Observing how a new medication affects a patient's sleep only after they've had their standard dinner and tea to ensure the change is not diet related. (correct)
  • Observing bird migration patterns during mating season and outside of it.

What is the primary advantage of using a natural environment for behavioral observation?

  • Enhanced control over environmental variables.
  • A more authentic and representative sample of the target behavior. (correct)
  • Increased ease of identifying specific cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Reduced reactivity from the subjects being observed.

Which of the following strategies is NOT typically used to address reactivity in observational studies?

  • Using one-way observation windows.
  • Employing participant observers who are part of the natural environment.
  • Waiting out the initial reaction period of participants to being observed.
  • Announcing the aim of the study to participants in advance to reduce the mystery surrounding it. (correct)

What is the purpose of calculating interobserver agreement (IOA) in observational research?

<p>To assess the consistency with which behaviors are recorded by multiple observers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral research, why is replication of results important after manipulating an independent variable?

<p>To confirm the original results were due to the observed intervention and not random chance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorism, what is the primary determinant of behavior?

<p>Reactions to stimuli in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how behavior is defined, according to B.F. Skinner?

<p>Anything that is observable and measurable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between behaviorism and cognitivism?

<p>Behaviorism focuses on observable actions, while cognitivism considers internal and external actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a measurable dimension of behavior?

<p>Motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral dimension is BEST described as the length of time between a stimulus and a response?

<p>Latency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child hits another child 5 times in 5 minutes, which dimension of behavior is being measured with “5 times”?

<p>Frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are behavior dimensions important in behavior modification?

<p>They provide the initial levels, to compare any changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement BEST captures how behavior interacts with its environment?

<p>Behavior impacts both the physical and social environment and occurs in time and space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a Modal Action Pattern (MAP) from a simple reflexive action?

<p>MAPs consist of a sequence of actions, whereas reflexes are singular responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what happens to the variability of actions as a behavioral sequence progresses towards its end goal?

<p>The variability decreases as actions become more stereotyped. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical feature defines a Modal Action Pattern (MAP) such as egg-rolling in geese?

<p>The MAP's sequence must be completed once started, even without a continued trigger. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives Modal Action Patterns (MAPs) according to the text?

<p>They are primarily instinctually driven and genetically programmed for survival. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates how actions become more stereotyped in behavioral sequences, as described in the text?

<p>A chef chooses between various fruit options, ultimately preparing one using consistent techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behavior modification?

<p>Examining observable behaviors and environmental events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'behavioral excess' is best addressed by:

<p>Increasing a different desirable behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical characteristic of behavior modification procedures?

<p>Implementation by only trained professionals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavior modification, what is the function of 'controlling variables'?

<p>To influence the relationship between antecedents, behavior and consequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the 'ABC' approach?

<p>Analyzing the antecedents, behaviour and consequences of a behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key idea that behavior modification rejects?

<p>The idea of hypothetical underlying internal causes of behaviour. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of Edward Thorndike's research?

<p>Animal problem-solving abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of using outside observers for direct assessment?

<p>They may miss the target behavior if not properly trained. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what is the effect of a satisfying event following a response?

<p>It strengthens the S-R connection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of self-monitoring over direct assessment with outside observers?

<p>It is useful when funding is limited or outside observers are unavailable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Thorndike's puzzle box experiments, how did cats improve their escape times?

<p>Through trial and error, eliminating ineffective behaviours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which timeframe best describes the focus of behavior modification?

<p>Current environmental events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for an operational definition of a target behavior?

<p>It should be precise, quantifiable, objective, and unambiguous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises with the operational definition: 'Timmo has a temper tantrum'?

<p>It is subjective and ambiguous, making consistent measurement difficult. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely NOT a consideration when determining when to record a behavior?

<p>If it is important to identify the persons who display the behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage to direct assessments?

<p>It is prone to observer effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'observer effect' refer to?

<p>How an observer can influence or change the behavior being measured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for an operational definition to be 'practical' and 'useful'?

<p>To allow consistent measurement within the given research conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between habituation and sensitization?

<p>Habituation is specific to the stimulus, while sensitization can generalize to other similar stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a supernormal stimulus?

<p>A significantly larger red object that elicits a stronger pecking response than natural. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of habituation in an animal's environment?

<p>To conserve energy by not responding to safe, consistent stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'sign stimulus' refer to in the context of animal behavior?

<p>Features necessary to elicit a specific response or behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of habituation?

<p>No longer noticing the smell of cologne after wearing it for a while. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of sensitization?

<p>Increased response to a specific or similar stimulus overtime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do learned behaviors like habituation challenge Descartes' perspective on reflex responses?

<p>They demonstrate that reflexes can be altered through repeated stimulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes habituation from fatigue?

<p>Habituation is a long-term learned association, while fatigue is a result of muscle overuse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behavior

An action or activity that can be observed and measured.

Behaviorism

The study of how behaviors are learned and changed through interactions with the environment.

Cognitivism

The view that internal mental processes, such as thoughts and beliefs, are key to understanding behavior.

Frequency

The number of times a specific behavior occurs.

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Intensity

The strength or intensity of a behavior.

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Duration

The length of time a behavior continues uninterrupted.

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Latency

The amount of time that passes before a behavior begins after a trigger.

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Baseline Dimensions

The baseline measurement of a behavior to track changes over time.

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Behavioral Modification

A behavioral approach that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts or feelings. It assumes that behaviors are learned and can be modified through environmental influences.

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Target Behavior

A specific behavior that we want to increase or decrease. It's the target of our intervention.

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Behavioral Excess

An undesirable behavior we want to decrease. It's a behavior we want to eliminate or reduce.

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Behavioral Deficit

A desirable behavior we want to increase. It's a behavior we want to encourage or promote.

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Antecedents

The events that precede a behavior. These events set the stage for behavior.

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Consequences

The events that follow a behavior. These events influence the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

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Controlling Stimuli

A situation or object in the environment that influences behavior. They can be antecedents or consequences.

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Law of Effect

A principle that states if a behavior is followed by something satisfying, it's more likely to occur again. If it's followed by something unsatisfying, it's less likely to occur again.

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Puzzle Box

A type of experiment used by Thorndike to study animal learning. Cats had to perform specific actions to escape a box and receive a reward.

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Functional Assessment

A process of identifying and manipulating environmental factors that influence behavior. This involves understanding antecedents, consequences, and controlling stimuli.

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Unstructured Observation

Observing behavior in its natural environment without interference. This provides a baseline understanding of the behavior, but identifying the specific triggers and consequences can be complex.

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Artificial Environment Observation

A controlled environment where specific variables can be manipulated, making it easier to understand the cause and effect relationships of behavior.

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Reactivity

The tendency of an individual's behavior to change when they know they are being observed. It can be a challenge in observational research.

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Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

A method to assess the consistency of observations by comparing the recordings of two observers who watch the same target behavior simultaneously.

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Replication

The process of repeating a research study to see if the same results can be obtained. Crucial for establishing the reliability of the findings.

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Operational Definition

A clear and specific description of how a behavior is measured, outlining what counts as a 'measurement' and what doesn't.

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Observer Effect

The tendency for a behavior to change when someone knows they are being observed. Example: When you are more aware of eating junk food because you are keeping track of it.

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Behavioral Assessment

The process of examining a behavior and recording its frequency, duration, or intensity. It can be done by an observer or by the individual themselves.

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Self-Monitoring

A type of behavioral assessment where the person being observed is aware they are being monitored. They are recording their own behavior.

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Direct Assessment

Using an individual to observe and record behavior, as opposed to the person being observed themselves.

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Measuring Behavior

Recording an action, how long it lasts, and how intense it is. Example: A child throws a tantrum for 5 minutes and yells at a volume of 80 decibels.

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Observer Bias

One of the drawbacks of self-monitoring. You are more likely to over or underestimate your own behavior.

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Operationalizing Behavior

The process of defining and recording behavior in a way that is specific, quantifiable, objective, and unambiguous.

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What is a stereotyped action sequence?

A series of actions that are performed in the same order every time, regardless of external factors. The number of steps in the sequence can increase but the sequence itself remains consistent.

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What is a behavioral sequence?

A series of actions that are not fixed, but change based on external factors. The sequence of actions becomes more specific as the goal is approached.

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What is a modal action pattern (MAP)?

A complex, instinctive behavior pattern that is triggered by a specific stimulus and must be carried out to completion. The sequence is typically species-specific and genetically programmed.

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What is a releaser?

A specific stimulus that triggers a modal action pattern. Once the MAP is triggered, it must be carried out to completion even if the stimulus is removed.

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What is an example of fixed action pattern?

The continued execution of a modal action pattern even after the stimulus is removed. This demonstrates that the sequence is preprogrammed and not dependent on continuous stimulation.

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Supernormal Stimulus

A stimulus that is exaggerated or enhanced to produce an especially strong response.

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Sign Stimulus

The specific feature of a stimulus that triggers a specific response.

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Habituation

A decrease in response to a repeatedly presented stimulus.

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Sensitization

An increase in response to a repeatedly presented stimulus, often due to anticipation of a negative outcome.

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Event-Alone Learning

A type of learning that occurs when a specific stimulus is repeatedly presented.

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Fatigue

A decrease in response due to the overuse of muscles, NOT related to habituation.

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Sensory Adaptation

A decrease in response due to the sensory organs adapting to a stimulus, NOT related to habituation.

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Learned Association

A decrease in response due to the specific association of the stimulus with a particular response.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Behavior Modification

  • Behaviorism focuses solely on observable external actions.
  • Behavior is defined as anything measurable, done by humans or animals, in reaction to stimuli.
  • Behavior is a product of reactions to environmental stimuli.
  • Cognitivism considers both external and internal behaviors.

Defining Behavior

  • Behavior is action, described using verbs, not a static characteristic and involves action.
  • Examples include "yell," "cry," "angry," "sad."
  • Key dimensions to describe behavior:
    • Frequency: number of times a behavior occurs.
    • Intensity: strength of behavior.
    • Duration: length of time behavior lasts.
    • Latency: time before behavior starts.
  • These dimensions are crucial for baseline measurement and evaluating changes in behavior as a result of modification.

Behavior Modification

  • Focuses on analyzing, understanding, and modifying behavior, especially human behavior
  • Emphasizes analyzing environmental events (antecedents and consequences) influencing behavior
  • Aim is to explain what causes a specific behavior and how to change it.

Methods for Understanding and Modifying Behavior

  • Timeline:
    • Early research involved animals, then the focus shifted to humans.
    • Approaches range from functional assessments to behavioral modification techniques.
  • Experimental Analysis of Behavior: a scientific study of how behaviors develop.
  • Applied Behavior Analysis: studies behavior systematically to modify it (specifically human behavior).
  • Edward Thorndike: Proposed the law of effect, where associations are strengthened by satisfaction.
  • John B. Watson: Establishes the behaviorism movement, stating a focus on observable behavior rather than internal mental processes.
  • Pavlov: Developed classical conditioning, where learning occurs through association.
  • B.F Skinner: Made significant contributions to behaviorism through operant conditioning; behavior is based on consequences.

Assessment of Behavior

  • Direct assessment measures behavior as it occurs
  • Indirect assessment relies on accounts of behavior, such as interviews and questionnaires
  • Observer effect occurs when the observer's presence changes behavior.
  • Self-monitoring is when individuals observe their own behavior.
  • Reactivity refers to how individuals react to being observed.

Research Designs

  • A-B Design: single subject baseline (A), followed by intervention (B)
  • A-B-A-B Design: reversal design with repeated baseline (A) and intervention (B) phases
  • Multiple Baseline design: target behaviors assessed across multiple settings, subjects, or behaviors.

Basic Types of Behaviors

  • Reflexes: Innate, involuntary responses controlled by the nervous system, such as eye blink or salivation.
  • Elicited Behaviors: Responses automatically elicited by specific stimuli, including innate reflexes and learned associations.
  • Learned Behaviors: Changes in responses due to experience and practice. Habituation and sensitization are examples.
  • Event-Alone Learning: Habituation is a decrease in response to repeated stimuli. Sensitization is an increase in response intensity.
  • Classical Conditioning: a learned association between two stimuli, where one signals the occurrence of another

Classical Conditioning

  • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Evokes a natural response, like food.
  • Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US, such as salivation to food.
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): Doesn't initially elicit the response, like a bell.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Stimulus that, after association with the US, evokes a learned response. The bell associated with food evokes salivation.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS, such as salivating to the bell
  • Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with another previously neutral stimulus, then becomes a new conditioned stimulus (CS2).
  • Extinction: the weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

Social Learning

  • Observational learning involves learning by observing others.
  • Vicarious Conditioning: learning by observing the consequences of others' actions.

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Behaviour Modification PDF

Description

Explore the principles of behavior modification, a method focused on analyzing and changing observable actions in response to stimuli. This quiz covers key concepts such as the definition of behavior and its key dimensions including frequency and intensity. Test your understanding of the critical elements that contribute to effective behavior modification.

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