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What ingredient is primarily used in the brewing of beer?
What ingredient is primarily used in the brewing of beer?
In what year did the global revenue of beer reach $603.1 billion?
In what year did the global revenue of beer reach $603.1 billion?
Which of the following countries is not listed among the top five beer producers?
Which of the following countries is not listed among the top five beer producers?
What was the significance of beer in ancient Egypt?
What was the significance of beer in ancient Egypt?
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Approximately how many gallons of beer were offered to the gods annually in ancient Egypt?
Approximately how many gallons of beer were offered to the gods annually in ancient Egypt?
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When was beer most likely first produced according to historical estimations?
When was beer most likely first produced according to historical estimations?
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What was one of the reasons beer was significant in ancient Mesopotamia?
What was one of the reasons beer was significant in ancient Mesopotamia?
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Which of the following statements about beer is true?
Which of the following statements about beer is true?
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What role did women typically have in beer brewing during the medieval period?
What role did women typically have in beer brewing during the medieval period?
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Why was beer preferred over water in the medieval world?
Why was beer preferred over water in the medieval world?
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Which religious order is known for spreading brewery practices across Europe?
Which religious order is known for spreading brewery practices across Europe?
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What key ingredient in beer brewing was perfected in Germany during the 13th century?
What key ingredient in beer brewing was perfected in Germany during the 13th century?
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What was the primary reason monks built breweries in the medieval world?
What was the primary reason monks built breweries in the medieval world?
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How many prescriptions related to beer were documented in a medical text from around 1600 BCE?
How many prescriptions related to beer were documented in a medical text from around 1600 BCE?
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What did Ancient Greek physicians think about beer?
What did Ancient Greek physicians think about beer?
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What was one benefit of beer's inclusion in medieval diets?
What was one benefit of beer's inclusion in medieval diets?
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What is the primary purpose of adding hops during the brewing process?
What is the primary purpose of adding hops during the brewing process?
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What is the role of yeast in the fermentation process of beer?
What is the role of yeast in the fermentation process of beer?
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What aspect of beer is primarily affected by the original gravity?
What aspect of beer is primarily affected by the original gravity?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the mouthfeel of the beer?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the mouthfeel of the beer?
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What is the primary function of protein in beer?
What is the primary function of protein in beer?
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What characteristic of beer is influenced by the type and amount of malt used?
What characteristic of beer is influenced by the type and amount of malt used?
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When does a beer become classified as 'dry'?
When does a beer become classified as 'dry'?
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What is NOT a sensory aspect of beer?
What is NOT a sensory aspect of beer?
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What event prompted the female brewer in The Kalevela to attempt making beer?
What event prompted the female brewer in The Kalevela to attempt making beer?
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Which animal did the brewer first send to gather materials for fermenting the beer?
Which animal did the brewer first send to gather materials for fermenting the beer?
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What substance did the marten collect to help with the beer fermentation?
What substance did the marten collect to help with the beer fermentation?
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What was the final ingredient that led to the successful fermentation of the beer?
What was the final ingredient that led to the successful fermentation of the beer?
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How is Aegir regarded among the gods in Norse mythology?
How is Aegir regarded among the gods in Norse mythology?
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What did Thor gift Aegir for the annual banquets of gods?
What did Thor gift Aegir for the annual banquets of gods?
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During which season did the gods gather at Aegir's sanctuary to enjoy ale?
During which season did the gods gather at Aegir's sanctuary to enjoy ale?
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What role did Aegir's cauldron play in Norse mythology?
What role did Aegir's cauldron play in Norse mythology?
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What is the characteristic of top fermentation in ales?
What is the characteristic of top fermentation in ales?
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Which yeast strain is used in bottom fermentation for lagers?
Which yeast strain is used in bottom fermentation for lagers?
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What temperature range is typically used for fermenting ales?
What temperature range is typically used for fermenting ales?
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Which beverage is traditionally made from fermented sorghum or millet in Ghana?
Which beverage is traditionally made from fermented sorghum or millet in Ghana?
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What occurs during the fermentation process?
What occurs during the fermentation process?
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How long is bottom fermentation for lagers typically conducted?
How long is bottom fermentation for lagers typically conducted?
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Which of the following traditional drinks is made from corn meal and roots in Zambia?
Which of the following traditional drinks is made from corn meal and roots in Zambia?
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What is a common misconception about the yeast used in ales?
What is a common misconception about the yeast used in ales?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Beer
- One of the most consumed alcoholic beverages worldwide.
- An alcoholic beverage made by brewing and fermentation from cereals, usually malted barley, and flavored with hops.
- Global revenue of $603.1 billion in 2018.
- Top 5 beer producers are China, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, and Germany.
Beer in the Ancient World
- Dates back to around the 6th century BCE.
- Likely resulted from spontaneous fermentation of breads.
- An important beverage in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, used in religious ceremonies and as gifts to the pharaoh.
- 30,000 gallons of beer were offered to the gods every year.
- The dead were even buried with beer.
- Beer was considered an integral part of a healthy diet by the Greeks.
- The Greeks spread the art of brewing to the Romans, who then spread it to Britannia.
Beer in the Medieval World
- Monks built the first breweries and were pioneers of the hotel, offering shelter, food, and drink to traveling pilgrims.
- Beer was generally brewed by women, who were cooks and considered beer a "food-drink."
- Beer was preferred over water because it was often more sanitary.
- Beer also provided much-needed calories to low-calorie diets.
- The use of hops in beer was written about in 822 but perfected in Germany in the 13th century.
Origins in Monasteries
- Monastery brewhouses have existed across Europe since the middle ages.
- Beer was brewed in French Cistercian monasteries.
- Breweries were later introduced in monasteries of other countries as the Trappist order spread.
- The Trappists brewed beer to feed the community, in a perspective of self-sufficiency.
Sensory Aspects of Beer
- Aroma can come from the malt, strength of the hops, alcohol, esters, or other ingredients.
- Flavor comes from the type and amount of malt used, the flavor of the yeast, and the bitterness of the hops.
- Appearance includes color, clarity, and nature of the head.
- Mouthfeel refers to the feel of beer in the mouth, both from the thickness of the beer and from carbonation.
Beer Composition
- About 4% alcohol by weight.
- pH of about 4.2 (acidic).
- Carbohydrates and some minerals (calcium).
- Little protein and B vitamins.
Beer Folklore: The Salvation of Humanity
- The Kalevela, a Finnish epic poem, illustrates the mythological history behind beer's first fermentation.
- It reveals the origins of using hops in the brewing process.
Beer Folklore: The Hospitable God of the Sea
- Aegir, the Norse god of the sea, is known for his hospitality.
- The Norse god of thunder, Thor, gifted Aegir with a mile-deep cauldron brimming with ale for use during annual banquets for the gods.
- Aegir is known for hosting lavish celebrations, including providing a bottomless keg of ale.
Fermentation
- Wort is transferred to a fermentation vessel, and yeast is added.
- Top fermentation (Ales)
- Yeast rises to the surface during fermentation.
- Creates a thick, rich yeast head.
- Uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Ferments at 68oF for 3 to 14 days.
- Bottom fermentation (Lagers)
- Yeast grows less rapidly than top fermenters.
- Produces less foam and settles to the bottom of the fermenter.
- Uses Saccharomyces carlsbergensis or S. uvarum.
- Ferments at 48oF for 3 to 40 days.
- Sugar is converted to alcohol and CO2 gas.
Fermented Beverages from Other Cultures
- Zambia: Munkoyo Beverage made from corn meal and roots.
- Botswana: Morula beer (Amarula), Chetopoti made from watermelons, Fermented Ginger Beer.
- Ghana: Pito is a traditional alcoholic beer that is made from fermented sorghum or millet.
- Japan: Sake, an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice.
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Description
Explore the fascinating history of beer from its ancient origins to its significance in medieval society. Discover how beer was produced, its role in various cultures, and its transformation through the ages. This quiz covers key facts and timelines regarding one of the world's most popular beverages.
