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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest unit of matter?
What is the smallest unit of matter?
Atom
Which particles are considered the fundamental building blocks of atoms?
Which particles are considered the fundamental building blocks of atoms?
Ions are charged particles that can only carry a positive charge.
Ions are charged particles that can only carry a positive charge.
False
What is formed when the atoms of the same or different elements combine?
What is formed when the atoms of the same or different elements combine?
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Who carried out the experiment that tested Thomson’s Plum Pudding model?
Who carried out the experiment that tested Thomson’s Plum Pudding model?
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What did Rutherford conclude from his gold foil experiment?
What did Rutherford conclude from his gold foil experiment?
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The Rutherford model successfully explains the stability of the atom.
The Rutherford model successfully explains the stability of the atom.
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According to the Bohr model, which orbit has the minimum energy?
According to the Bohr model, which orbit has the minimum energy?
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What is the requirement for an electron to move to a higher energy level in Bohr’s model?
What is the requirement for an electron to move to a higher energy level in Bohr’s model?
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Who developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom in 1926?
Who developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom in 1926?
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What is the change in energy when the electron relaxes from n=3 to n=2?
What is the change in energy when the electron relaxes from n=3 to n=2?
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How does the Sommerfeld model differ from the Bohr model?
How does the Sommerfeld model differ from the Bohr model?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Atomic Structure
- Smallest unit of matter is an atom
- Atom consists of three fundamental particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons
- Ions are charged particles, either positive (cations) or negative (anions)
- Molecule formed by the combination of atoms of the same or different elements
Rutherford Model
- Rutherford's experiment challenged Thomson's Plum Pudding model
- Experiment involved directing alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil
- Most alpha particles passed through the foil undeflected
- A small fraction of particles were deflected at small angles
- Very few alpha particles (1 in 20,000) bounced back, deflected by 180°
- Concluded that most of the space inside the atom is empty
- Positively charged particles are concentrated in a small, dense region called the nucleus
Rutherford Model Limitations
- Rutherford could not explain the stability of the atom
- Did not explain the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
Bohr's Model
- Bohr's model proposed that electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits
- These orbits, or energy levels, are quantized
- Electrons do not lose energy in these orbits
- A certain amount of energy is required for an electron to move to a higher energy level
- An electron loses this energy and returns to its previous state after 10^-5 seconds
Bohr's Model Limitations
- Does not account for the fact that accelerating electrons do not emit electromagnetic radiation
- Cannot explain the ability of atoms to form molecules through chemical bonds
Somerfield's Model
- Proposed that each shell is made up of subshells
- For example, the second shell is made up of 1s and 1p subshells
Schrödinger Model
- Developed in 1926 by Erwin Schrödinger
- Combined wave equations with de Broglie's equation to create a model for the electron distribution
- This model described the probability of finding an electron in a specific region of space, rather than a fixed orbit
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure, including the composition of atoms, the particles that make them up, and the historical models proposed by scientists like Rutherford and Bohr. This quiz covers key concepts such as ions, molecules, and the limitations of early atomic models.
