Introduction to Anthropology and Sociology
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Questions and Answers

What does cultural anthropology primarily study?

  • Human origins and evolution
  • Living people and their cultural practices (correct)
  • Political systems and governance
  • Material remains of past human life

    • Which term refers to the study of human beings in anthropology?

  • Socius
  • Logos
  • Cultura
  • Anthropos (correct)

    • What is the main focus of political science?

  • The study of abstract ideas and morals
  • The evolution of human languages
  • Cultural beliefs and practices
  • Collective decisions and actions taken by groups (correct)

    • What is cultural relativism in anthropology?

    <p>The understanding of other cultures from their own viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of anthropology studies genetics and human evolution?

    <p>Biological/Physical Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of holism in anthropology emphasize?

    <p>Understanding mankind as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of society is specifically examined by sociology?

    <p>Patterns of human behavior and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnocentrism is the opposite of which concept in anthropology?

    <p>Cultural Relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective did George Simmel contribute to sociology?

    <p>Society as patterned interactions among individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of society asserts that it is distinct from observable physical entities?

    <p>Society is abstract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cooperation and conflict function in society according to the characteristics discussed?

    <p>They are both essential in achieving common goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the characteristic 'Society is a Process not a Product' imply?

    <p>Society reflects a temporary arrangement of social relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the relationship between culture and society is accurate?

    <p>Society needs culture for its identity and continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT commonly associated with social change?

    <p>Political ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of political change?

    <p>The loss of power by rulers or changes in governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of politics emphasizes the use of legal authority to enforce compliance?

    <p>Use or Threat of Use of Legal Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Palakasan system' refer to in political practices?

    <p>A system of advantage through personal connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political symbol is associated with capitalism and liberalism?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Catholic Church influence politics in the Philippines?

    <p>By endorsing candidates aligning with their values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does socialization play in an individual's development?

    <p>It helps in acquiring identities and survival skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a 'Traditional Politician (TRAPO)'?

    <p>Use of money to provide favor in exchange for political support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a representation of economic symbolism?

    <p>Alkansya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social interaction contribute to individual identity according to socialization?

    <p>It shapes conformity to social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color is associated with liberalism in political symbolism?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a coup d'état?

    <p>It is an illegal overthrow by the country's military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process by which individuals learn and adopt aspects of a culture different from their own without losing their original cultural identity?

    <p>Acculturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best distinguishes rebellion from a coup d'état?

    <p>A coup d'état seeks major structural changes in governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural relativism advocates for which of the following perspectives?

    <p>Understanding that no culture is superior to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to cultural change?

    <p>Isolation from other cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of ethnocentrism?

    <p>Viewing one's own culture as superior to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the sharing of cultural elements between groups resulting from migration and media?

    <p>Cultural Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a person most likely to exhibit ethnocentric behavior?

    <p>When they judge behaviors of culturally different people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the expectations of behavior attached to a particular status in society?

    <p>Roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary groups?

    <p>Goal-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social group is defined by a person identifying with and feeling loyalty towards it?

    <p>In-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group that influences an individual's attitudes and values through direct interaction is known as what?

    <p>Normative reference group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the conflict that arises among roles connected to two or more statuses?

    <p>Role conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes secondary groups?

    <p>Larger and more impersonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is considered a negative reference group?

    <p>Groups we avoid emulating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of network exists within organizational hierarchies?

    <p>Formal networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Natural and Social Sciences

    • Natural science examines the physical world, while social science investigates human behavior and societies.

    Anthropology

    • From Latin “anthropologia” and Greek “anthropos” (human) + “logos” (study).
    • Franz Boaz is recognized as the father of modern anthropology, focusing on human beings.

    Fields of Anthropology

    • Cultural Anthropology studies contemporary societal practices including religion, language, and traditions.
    • Biological/Physical Anthropology explores human origins, genetics, race, and evolutionary processes.
    • Linguistic Anthropology examines language evolution and its societal connections.
    • Archaeology analyzes material remains from past human life concerning customs and beliefs.

    Sociology

    • Originates from the French “socius” (companion) and Greek “logos” (study).
    • Focuses on understanding society and social interactions.

    Political Science

    • The systematic study of government, politics, and political power.
    • Politics originated with ancient Greek concepts.

    Interconnections

    • Anthropology and Sociology: Explore cultural practices.
    • Anthropology and Political Science: Investigate power relations.
    • Sociology and Political Science: Analyze social forces.
    • Combined focus on society across all three disciplines.

    Perspectives in Anthropology

    • Holism: Emphasizes comprehensive understanding of human value.
    • Cultural Relativism: Advocates understanding cultures on their terms without judgement.
    • Comparison: Involves examining similarities and differences between cultural practices.

    Political Science

    • Analyses collective decision-making and actions by groups.
    • Encompasses governance structures, political behavior, and the distribution of power.

    Culture

    • Defined as the patterned way of life reflecting both individual and social dynamics.
    • Derived from Latin "clique/cultus," indicating refinement and growth.

    Characteristics of Society

    • Abstract Nature: Society as a complex of relationships, not just a visible structure.
    • Diversity: Society’s growth driven by likeness and differences among individuals.
    • Cooperation and Conflict: Both integral to social interaction and development.
    • Process: Society evolves over time rather than being static.
    • Stratification: Class divisions shape social dynamics and power distribution.

    Cultural Change

    • Driven by contact, technology, and environmental factors.
    • Cultural Diffusion: Spread of cultural elements through interactions.
    • Acculturation: Adaptation to different cultures while retaining one’s original customs.
    • Assimilation: Complete adaptation to a majority culture, often losing original identity.

    Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism

    • Cultural Variation: Different values and norms exist across cultures.
    • Cultural Universals: Shared traits among all cultures (e.g., education, courtship).
    • Cultural relativism promotes understanding without imposing one’s own cultural biases, while ethnocentrism views one’s culture as superior.

    Political Symbols and Practices

    • The Republic of the Philippines reflects national values through its logo.
    • Political symbols are used to express ideologies and policies.
    • Color symbolism: Black (anarchism, Catholicism), Blue (conservatism), Gold (capitalism).
    • Palakasan system: Connections and influences among powerful figures.

    Economic Symbols and Practices

    • Economic symbols represent financial stability and systems (e.g., currency, stock markets).
    • Culture and economic practices are interlinked through shared values and behaviors.

    Socialization

    • The process through which individuals develop identities and social skills necessary for society.
    • Involves learning norms and roles through interactions with others.

    Social Institutions

    • Key institutions include family, education, religion, government, and economy.
    • Serve as the foundation for societal organization and group interactions.

    Social Groups

    • Primary Groups: Small, personal, and emotionally connected, like families.
    • Secondary Groups: Larger and more impersonal, focused on specific goals (e.g., corporations).

    In-Group vs. Out-Group

    • In-Groups: Groups individuals identify with, fostering loyalty and connection.
    • Out-Groups: Groups individuals do not identify with, often associated with opposition.

    Reference Groups

    • Used for social comparison and shaping individual attitudes and behaviors.
    • Can be positive (mentors) or negative (groups to avoid).

    Types of Social Networks

    • Formal Networks: Defined by organizational structures and hierarchies.
    • Informal Networks: Based on friendships and casual interactions, enhancing social cohesion.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in anthropology and sociology, including their definitions and the various fields of study within each discipline. Explore the contributions of notable figures like Franz Boaz and understand the distinctions between cultural, biological, linguistic anthropology, and sociology's focus on social interactions. Test your knowledge on the dynamics of human societies and their evolution.

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