Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism.
• Physiology is the study of how living organisms and their parts function.
• Pathophysiology is the study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

Studying Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

• Cytology: the study of cells.
• Histology: microscopic study of living tissues.
• Microscopic Anatomy: study of small tissues, organs, and cells that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Organization of the Human Body: Tissues

• Tissues are composed of cells grouped by size, shape, and function.
• Types of tissues:
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

• Covers the outside of the body (skin).
• Lines the inside of the body.
• Membranes: two thin layers of tissue that form together. Cells may secrete a fluid.

Overview of Body Membranes

• Serous membrane, mucous membrane, synovial membrane, cutaneous membrane.

Specific Membranes to Remember

• Mucous membrane (mucosa): lines surfaces and spaces leading to the outside of the body.
• Parietal membrane: lining of a body cavity.
• Peritoneal membrane: lining of the abdominal cavity, protecting organs.
• Visceral membrane: membrane covering each organ in a body cavity..

Connective Tissue

• Supports and connects organs and tissues.
• Adipose stores fat cells.
• Cartilage: firm, flexible support of the embryonic and adult skeleton.
• Tendons: white bands connecting skeletal muscle to bone.
• Ligaments: strong, flexible bands connecting bones at joints.

Muscle Tissue

• Contracts and moves body parts.
• Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, contracts the heart.
• Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary, attached to the skeleton.
• Smooth muscle: nonstriated, involuntary, provides movement in various body systems.

Nervous Tissue

• Reacts to stimulation and conducts impulses.

Additional Terms to Know

• Calcify: to deposit mineral salts (in bone and cartilage)
• Collagen: fibrous protein in bone and cartilage.
• Cutaneous: pertaining to the skin.
• Elastin: elastic-like fibers in connective tissue.
• Fascia: band of fibrous membrane, covering, binding, and supporting muscle.
• Graft: transplanting tissue to replace damaged tissue.
• Granulation: tiny red granules in healing wounds, comprised of newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts.
• Serous fluid: thin, watery body fluid.
• Synovial fluid: lubricating substance produced by the synovial membrane lining joint cavities.

Organ Systems

•  Skeletal System: provides support, protection, and movement (Skull, Ribs, Pelvis, Humerus, Femur).
• Muscular System: provides support, protection, movement, and heat (Diaphragm, Pectoralis Major, Gluteus Maximus).
• Circulatory System: pumps blood and transports oxygen (Blood, Arteries, Veins, Heart).
• Lymphatic System: stimulates immune response and produces lymphocytes (Spleen, Tonsils, Thymus Gland, Lymph Vessels, Lymph Nodes).
• Respiratory System: allows for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Lungs, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Larynx, Pharynx).
• Digestive System: digests food and absorbs nutrients (Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Large Intestine).
• Integumentary System: protects, regulates body temperature, and provides sensation (Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands).
• Nervous System: processes information (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves)
• Sensory System: provides sensation (Eyes, Ears, Nose, Mouth, Skin)
• Urinary System: eliminates urine (Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra).
• Endocrine System: controls body functions (Pancreas, Thyroid Gland, Pituitary Gland)
• Reproductive System: controls reproductive processes (Uterus, Ovaries, Vagina, Testes).