10 Questions
Pathophysiology focuses on the study of body functions.
False
Anatomy is primarily the study of body function.
False
Physiology and anatomy are not related to each other.
False
In anatomic position, the body is described as standing upright with arms crossed in front of the chest.
False
Imaging techniques like CT scanning and MRI require surgical procedures to visualize the interior of the body.
False
A transverse section of the small intestine would appear as a circle with the cavity of the intestine in the center.
True
The apex (tip) of the heart points downward and is just above the diaphragm to the right of the midline.
False
The function of the circulatory system is to transport $\pi$ and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products.
False
The outermost layer of the pericardial membranes is the visceral pericardium.
False
The parietal pericardium lines the surface of the heart muscle, while the visceral pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium.
False
Study Notes
Anatomical Planes and Sections
- Frontal (coronal) section: separates the body into front and back portions
- Sagittal section: separates the body into right and left portions; midsagittal section creates equal right and left halves
- Transverse section: separates the body into upper and lower portions
- Cross-section: a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ; example: a cross-section of the small intestine is a circle with the cavity in the center
- Longitudinal section: a plane along the long axis of an organ
Circulatory System
- Function: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products
- Heart: primary function is to pump blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins
Heart Structure
- Located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs (mediastinum)
- Base: uppermost, behind the sternum; great vessels enter or leave here
- Apex: tip of the heart, points downward, just above the diaphragm to the left of the midline
Pericardial Membranes
- Three layers: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, and epicardium
- Fibrous pericardium: outermost, loose-fitting sac of strong fibrous connective tissue
- Serous pericardium: folded membrane with parietal and visceral layers; contains serous fluid to prevent friction
- Epicardium (visceral pericardium): layer on the surface of the heart muscle
Chambers and Valves of the Heart
- Walls of the four chambers: made of cardiac muscle (myocardium)
- Lined with endocardium: simple squamous epithelium that also covers valves and continues into vessels as endothelium
- Endocardium: smooth surface prevents abnormal blood clotting
Test your knowledge on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology with 100 challenging true/false and fill in the blanks questions. Learn about the relationship between body structure, body functioning, and disorders of functioning.
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