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Questions and Answers
What is anatomy?
What is anatomy?
The study of the structures of the body and the relationships between them.
What is physiology?
What is physiology?
The study of the functions of the body parts (how they work).
Which of the following levels of organization is the lowest?
Which of the following levels of organization is the lowest?
Define homeostasis.
Define homeostasis.
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The three components of a feedback loop are: receptor, control center, and ___.
The three components of a feedback loop are: receptor, control center, and ___.
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What is the difference between negative and positive feedback loops?
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback loops?
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Which organ system carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells?
Which organ system carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells?
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What is the function of the digestive system?
What is the function of the digestive system?
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What does the endocrine system do?
What does the endocrine system do?
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Match the following directional terms with their descriptions:
Match the following directional terms with their descriptions:
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What is an atom?
What is an atom?
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Define mass number.
Define mass number.
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What is a molecule?
What is a molecule?
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Which type of bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another?
Which type of bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another?
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What is catabolism?
What is catabolism?
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Study Notes
Anatomy & Physiology
- Anatomy is the examination of body structures & their relationships.
- Physiology is the study of how bodily structures function.
Levels of Organization
- Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules form the foundation. Examples include DNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
- Cellular Level (Cytology): Cells are formed by the combination of chemicals.
- Tissue Level (Histology): Groups of similar cells work together to perform a specific function.
- Organ Level: Different tissues are organized to create an organ with a specific function.
- Organ System Level: Groups of organs cooperate to achieve a common purpose.
- Organismal Level: All organ systems function together to make a complete living being.
Homeostasis
- The body strives to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Homeostasis is the reason the body operates within narrow ranges for temperature and pH.
- Disruption of homeostasis can lead to illness, disease, or even death.
Feedback Loops
- Controlled Condition: The variable being regulated.
- Receptor: Detects changes in the controlled condition.
- Control Center: Processes information from the receptor and dictates the response.
- Effector: Carries out the response directed by the control center.
Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
- Negative Feedback: The most common type, immediately reverses changes. Examples include blood pressure and temperature regulation.
- Positive Feedback: Less common, intensifies or escalates changes. Examples include childbirth and blood clotting.
Organ Systems
- Circulatory: Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells.
- Digestive: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
- Endocrine: Regulates homeostasis using hormones.
- Integumentary: Provides protection, sensory input, and temperature regulation.
- Lymphatic/Immune: Defends against infection, recycles interstitial fluid, and produces blood cells.
- Muscular: Facilitates movement and generates heat.
- Nervous: Controls body activities, regulates metabolism, and processes thoughts.
- Respiratory: Exchanges gases and regulates pH.
- Reproductive: Produces gametes (sperm/eggs).
- Skeletal: Provides protection, support, and stores minerals.
- Urinary: Eliminates waste, maintains pH, and regulates body fluids.
Directional Terms & Planes
- Frontal (Coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Transverse (Horizontal): Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
- Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left sections.
Basic Atomic Structure
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Atom: The smallest stable unit of matter, composed of:
- Protons: Found in the nucleus, have a positive charge.
- Neutrons: Found in the nucleus, have no charge (neutral).
- Electrons: Orbit the nucleus, have a negative charge.
Key Terms
- Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom.
- Mass Number: The number of protons plus neutrons in an atom.
- Element: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances; composed of only one type of atom.
- Mineral: An inorganic substance naturally occurring in the earth.
- Molecule: Two or more atoms joined together (e.g., H2O, O2).
- Compound: Two or more different atoms joined together (e.g., NaCl).
- Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
- Cation: A positively charged ion.
- Anion: A negatively charged ion.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bond: Formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom, resulting in ions (weaker than covalent but stronger than hydrogen).
- Covalent Bond: Formed when atoms share electrons, resulting in molecules (strongest bond, won't dissociate in water).
- Hydrogen Bond: A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen or nitrogen atom (helps shape molecules like proteins and DNA).
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Reactions: Processes involving the making or breaking of bonds between atoms. Breaking bonds releases energy, and making bonds requires energy.
- Catabolism: Breaking down molecules.
- Anabolism: Building up molecules.
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Dehydration Synthesis: Removal of water to form a larger molecule.
- Hydrolysis: Addition of water to break down a large molecule.
- Exchange Reaction: Involves both the breaking and forming of bonds, atoms switch places between molecules.
- Reversible Reaction: Can proceed in both directions.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts in Anatomy and Physiology, focusing on the different levels of organization in the human body—from chemical to organismal levels. Discover how these structures function together to maintain homeostasis and overall health.
