Introduction to Advanced Qualitative Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of design science research?

  • Understanding organizational hierarchies
  • Examining historical organizational practices
  • Predicting human behavior
  • Creating innovative artefacts to solve real-world problems (correct)

    • Which of the following describes the nature of artifacts in design science research?

  • They are the outcomes of the design process and vary based on real-world problems. (correct)
  • They have a fixed structure regardless of the problem.
  • They are strictly theoretical constructs.
  • They are only technical and do not include managerial or socio-technical aspects.

    • What essential aspect must be considered during the problem awareness step in the design science process?

  • Assessing previous design failures
  • Documenting historical artifacts
  • Understanding stakeholder needs and requirements (correct)
  • Identifying the technological trends

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of design science research?

    <p>Focuses solely on theoretical perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kuechler and Vaishnavi, how is the design science process best described?

    <p>Sequentially outlined but actually iterative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of nexus analysis in qualitative interviews?

    <p>Understanding the social practices that shape interview dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods incorporates multiple senses in qualitative observation?

    <p>Multi-sensory ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of questions does qualitative observation encourage researchers to ask?

    <p>Sensitizing questions about the environment and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reflexivity in qualitative research primarily address?

    <p>The awareness of researchers' influence on research outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do artifacts represent in qualitative research?

    <p>All physical objects present in research settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a sensitizing question in qualitative observation?

    <p>What micro-moments become consequential?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of qualitative research, what does the term 'matter' refer to?

    <p>The physical environment and materials present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach stresses the necessity for fact-checking with subsequent observations in qualitative research?

    <p>Multi-sensory ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term ‘sociomateriality’?

    <p>The integration of social and material entities in understanding their relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do presentation slides contribute to strategic discussions according to recent studies?

    <p>They can provoke conversation and generate new strategic understandings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do artifacts play in understanding actions and ideas?

    <p>Artifacts can convey meanings and influence actions beyond mere words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Leybold & Nadegger (2023) focus on?

    <p>Highlighting struggles of marginalized groups through visual artifacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the findings from Comi & Whyte (2018) regarding visual artifacts?

    <p>They help in manifesting an imagined future into actionable present scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of new organizations, how does space influence practices?

    <p>Space can constrain or enable practices, shaping their meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept indicates moving from a linguistic analysis to focusing on material and visual elements?

    <p>Material turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term ‘embodied aspects and artifacts’?

    <p>Gestures and postures that convey meaning beyond spoken language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when designing a qualitative study according to ethical considerations?

    <p>Avoiding harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor should be considered when seeking informed consent for data collection?

    <p>The platform provider and user permissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes public data from private data in the context of ethical considerations?

    <p>Public data involves user perception compared to platform infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT recommended for gathering qualitative data?

    <p>Random data selection from online sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge when anonymizing data used in qualitative research?

    <p>Maintaining a balance between anonymization and attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of manual analysis over automated analysis in data processing?

    <p>It provides an in-depth understanding of the dataset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is open strategy-making defined?

    <p>A practice that increases transparency and involves external stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common practice when gathering qualitative data from online sources?

    <p>Ensuring trial downloads are functional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates process theory from variance theory?

    <p>Emphasis on the dynamic unfolding of phenomena over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorizing style emphasizes interrelated processes that influence each other?

    <p>Parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the synthetic strategy in analyzing processes?

    <p>Moderate on simplicity and generality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is highlighted in developing process theories?

    <p>Absence of empirical data and need for innovative approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of theorizing involves continuous cycles of adaptation?

    <p>Recursive theorizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of utilizing open strategy in new ventures?

    <p>To enhance legitimacy and attract support from stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of open strategy is most crucial during the launch phase of a new venture?

    <p>Dialoguing with stakeholders for feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the emphasis on the modes of open strategy change as a new venture matures?

    <p>Broadcasting becomes more prominent as the venture matures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of grounded theory as described in the study?

    <p>It is based on the interpretations of actors regarding phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical data source for grounded theory research?

    <p>Government databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnographic research is solely rooted in sociology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple data sources in ethnographic research are only used for quantitative analysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vivid descriptions and contextualization are identified as techniques to enhance the persuasiveness of ethnographic narratives.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using vignettes in ethnographic writing helps readers to engage in lived experiences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnographers face little challenge in presenting their findings convincingly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative research methods primarily aim to measure the frequency of phenomena in the social world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major challenge in qualitative research is gaining access to the field, which can be time-consuming.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The philosophy of science in qualitative research disregards the researcher’s perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Current standings show that qualitative research articles constitute 50% of AMJ publications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative research aims to rehumanize management and organization research and theory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semi-structured interviews provide a rigid set of questions that do not allow for spontaneous follow-ups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open interviews are useful for exploratory research but lack consistency in data collection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recording and taking notes during an interview are discouraged as they can distract from the conversation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In structured interviews, the participant's responses heavily dictate the flow of the conversation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using artifacts to trigger responses in interviews can provide richer qualitative insights.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Letting the interviewee speak freely without interruption is crucial for gathering comprehensive qualitative data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qualitative interviews, asking for anecdotes is discouraged as it can lead to irrelevant topics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The design science research process includes a critical evaluation of existing knowledge contributing to the artefact's development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interviews in design science research should always employ unstructured formats to maximize flexibility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relevance cycle in design science research ensures that the research is disconnected from real-world problems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A critical aspect of design science research is evaluating the efficacy of the designed artefact.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guidelines for researchers in design science research discourage scientific rigor to favor innovative approaches.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of predetermined answers in structured interviews enhances comparability across different interviews.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contributions to theory within the problem domain are not required from design science research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An artefact designed through the design science approach should address only theoretical aspects and not practical needs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of conducting multiple case studies?

    <p>To develop a theory that is generalizable and testable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of case study focuses on unique or revealing instances of a phenomenon?

    <p>Revelatory case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of case study research, what does the term 'embedded units of analysis' refer to?

    <p>Multiple aspects or subcases within a single case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is often employed to gain access for case study research?

    <p>Utilizing professional relationships and networking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the theoretical lens play in case study design?

    <p>It helps refine the research question and data analysis approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of qualitative research questions?

    <p>To identify subjective interpretative schemes and cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for qualitative methodologies to align with theoretical frameworks?

    <p>To achieve coherent and meaningful research outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should case selection be guided in qualitative research?

    <p>By the specific aims of the research question being addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a conceptual framework play in qualitative research?

    <p>To assist in sorting empirical insights and developing theoretical constructs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of qualitative research encourages ongoing investigation into certain phenomena?

    <p>The nature of qualitative questions that allow for emerging surprises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of using multiple data sources in qualitative research?

    <p>It becomes time and resource intensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does triangulation of data sources benefit researchers?

    <p>By providing a more nuanced understanding of complex phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of qualitative research is highlighted as contributing to theory development?

    <p>In-depth exploration of specific contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is often faced when persuading readers of case study research?

    <p>Questioning the representativeness of samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the analytic generalization in qualitative research?

    <p>It relates findings to existing theory in specific contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of intensive data collection methods in qualitative research?

    <p>In-depth contextual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the case study methodology according to the content provided?

    <p>The importance of a well-defined research question.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do case studies play in enhancing understanding within qualitative research?

    <p>They illustrate theoretical concepts and causal mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of suggesting possible solutions during the design process?

    <p>To enhance problem awareness and identify the best solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are typically involved in the artefact development step of design science research?

    <p>Models, prototypes, and software code implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the artefact evaluation step contribute to the overall design process?

    <p>It generates knowledge that informs further design iterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates formative evaluation from summative evaluation in artefact evaluation?

    <p>Formative evaluation aims to improve the design while summative evaluation measures final effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the design science research process often leads to the necessity of revisiting earlier steps?

    <p>The production of new knowledge as a result of each design iteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artefact is typically developed in the artefact development step?

    <p>Physical representations such as mock-ups or actual software code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does writing notes on design decisions play in the artefact development process?

    <p>It helps in reconstructing the design process and understanding decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Advanced Qualitative Research Methods

    • Qualitative research employs non-numerical data, including text and visuals. Researchers are the primary instruments, using methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis.
    • Qualitative research seeks to understand the meaning behind phenomena, not just count them. It's often conducted in natural settings, with flexible designs that evolve during the study.
    • Qualitative samples are typically small and non-random, purposefully selected. Findings are comprehensive, detailed, and descriptive. Compare to quantitative research which utilizes numbers and often laboratory settings, with large and random samples, and deductive theorizing of data.

    Philosophy of Science

    • Qualitative research is rooted in different philosophical assumptions than quantitative research, resulting in different approaches to questions of scientific method
    • Qualitative research considers social reality to be socially constructed through signs, language, meaning, and culture.
    • Researcher's perspectives and interpretations are critical aspects of understanding social meaning.
    • Qualitative research can explore new ideas, develop novel theories, and bridge researcher and practice, unlike quantitative research which primarily tests pre-existing theories.

    Deduction vs. Induction

    • Deduction uses general statements to explain individual observations, while induction uses observations to develop general statements.
    • Deduction employs logical certainty but doesn't create new knowledge. Induction lacks logical certainty, but enables new knowledge development.

    Qualitative Research in Management Studies

    • Qualitative research in management studies is gaining importance, with a noticeable presence in journals like AMJ (Academy of Management Journal).
    • The methods used in qualitative research are diverse, not limited.
    • Researchers face challenges like gaining access, overcoming preconceived notions, and publishing qualitative research in comparison to quantitative research.

    Qualitative Research Questions

    • Qualitative research questions aim to understand the subjective interpretations of phenomena.
    • These questions aim to understand motivations, culture, and beliefs rather than merely collecting data on frequency.
    • The researchers' goal is to reconstruct subjective realities and contexts.

    Qualitative Research Design

    • A clear research question guides qualitative research projects.
    • Qualitative research designs consider participant numbers, data types ( interviews, observations, visual data), and analysis procedures.

    Case Studies in Qualitative Research

    • Case studies are rich descriptions of specific instances of phenomena ( organizations, relationships, processes).
    • Case studies focus on understanding the particularities of a phenomenon.
    • Single-case studies provide deep understanding of phenomena at one moment. Multiple-case studies compare and contrast the phenomena across multiple cases/situations.

    Qualitative Data Collection

    • Methods include interviews, observations, documents, archival records, and field notes.
    • Triangulation (using several data sources) is a commonly-used technique to verify and enhance the credibility of findings.

    Ethnographic Research

    • Ethnographic research aims to understand cultures and behaviors of people/organizations.
    • Ethnographers gather data through observation, interviews, and document review.

    Online Data in Research

    • Online data offer new opportunities for qualitative research, including:
    • Access to large datasets and diverse perspectives.
    • Analysis of user interactions and communication patterns.
    • Exploration of online communities and online networks.

    Critical Reflections on Observation and Interviews

    • Structured interviews employ pre-determined questions. Semi-structured interviews allow for flexible follow-up questions. Unstructured interview questions are conversational and informal.
    • Observational data collecting is often conducted by researchers alongside participants, allowing for contextualized understanding of the data collected.
    • Researcher bias can influence studies.

    Design Science Research

    • Design science research's outcome is an artifact (tool, software, method) to address a problem.
    • The design is iterative; the process is revisited or repeated.
    • Each step in design science research (problem awareness, suggestions, development, evaluation, and conclusion) is equally important.

    Theorizing from Qualitative Data

    • Grounded theory is one approach to formulating theoretical explanations from qualitative data through a cyclical process.
    • It involves gathering, analyzing, and theorizing from data to create new theory.
    • Propositional theorizing, configurational theorizing, and process theorizing are three styles of theoretical explanation.

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    Explore the fundamental concepts of advanced qualitative research methods. This quiz delves into the non-numerical data approaches used in understanding social phenomena and contrasts them with quantitative research methods. Test your knowledge on the philosophical foundations and methodological differences between these research paradigms.

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