Introduction to Advanced Qualitative Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of design science research?

  • Understanding organizational hierarchies
  • Examining historical organizational practices
  • Predicting human behavior
  • Creating innovative artefacts to solve real-world problems (correct)

Which of the following describes the nature of artifacts in design science research?

  • They are the outcomes of the design process and vary based on real-world problems. (correct)
  • They have a fixed structure regardless of the problem.
  • They are strictly theoretical constructs.
  • They are only technical and do not include managerial or socio-technical aspects.

What essential aspect must be considered during the problem awareness step in the design science process?

  • Assessing previous design failures
  • Documenting historical artifacts
  • Understanding stakeholder needs and requirements (correct)
  • Identifying the technological trends

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of design science research?

<p>Focuses solely on theoretical perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kuechler and Vaishnavi, how is the design science process best described?

<p>Sequentially outlined but actually iterative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of nexus analysis in qualitative interviews?

<p>Understanding the social practices that shape interview dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods incorporates multiple senses in qualitative observation?

<p>Multi-sensory ethnography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of questions does qualitative observation encourage researchers to ask?

<p>Sensitizing questions about the environment and feelings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reflexivity in qualitative research primarily address?

<p>The awareness of researchers' influence on research outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do artifacts represent in qualitative research?

<p>All physical objects present in research settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a sensitizing question in qualitative observation?

<p>What micro-moments become consequential? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of qualitative research, what does the term 'matter' refer to?

<p>The physical environment and materials present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach stresses the necessity for fact-checking with subsequent observations in qualitative research?

<p>Multi-sensory ethnography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term ‘sociomateriality’?

<p>The integration of social and material entities in understanding their relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do presentation slides contribute to strategic discussions according to recent studies?

<p>They can provoke conversation and generate new strategic understandings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do artifacts play in understanding actions and ideas?

<p>Artifacts can convey meanings and influence actions beyond mere words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Leybold & Nadegger (2023) focus on?

<p>Highlighting struggles of marginalized groups through visual artifacts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the findings from Comi & Whyte (2018) regarding visual artifacts?

<p>They help in manifesting an imagined future into actionable present scenarios. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of new organizations, how does space influence practices?

<p>Space can constrain or enable practices, shaping their meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept indicates moving from a linguistic analysis to focusing on material and visual elements?

<p>Material turn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term ‘embodied aspects and artifacts’?

<p>Gestures and postures that convey meaning beyond spoken language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when designing a qualitative study according to ethical considerations?

<p>Avoiding harm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor should be considered when seeking informed consent for data collection?

<p>The platform provider and user permissions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes public data from private data in the context of ethical considerations?

<p>Public data involves user perception compared to platform infrastructure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT recommended for gathering qualitative data?

<p>Random data selection from online sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge when anonymizing data used in qualitative research?

<p>Maintaining a balance between anonymization and attribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of manual analysis over automated analysis in data processing?

<p>It provides an in-depth understanding of the dataset. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is open strategy-making defined?

<p>A practice that increases transparency and involves external stakeholders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common practice when gathering qualitative data from online sources?

<p>Ensuring trial downloads are functional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates process theory from variance theory?

<p>Emphasis on the dynamic unfolding of phenomena over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorizing style emphasizes interrelated processes that influence each other?

<p>Parallel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the synthetic strategy in analyzing processes?

<p>Moderate on simplicity and generality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is highlighted in developing process theories?

<p>Absence of empirical data and need for innovative approaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of theorizing involves continuous cycles of adaptation?

<p>Recursive theorizing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of utilizing open strategy in new ventures?

<p>To enhance legitimacy and attract support from stakeholders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of open strategy is most crucial during the launch phase of a new venture?

<p>Dialoguing with stakeholders for feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the emphasis on the modes of open strategy change as a new venture matures?

<p>Broadcasting becomes more prominent as the venture matures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of grounded theory as described in the study?

<p>It is based on the interpretations of actors regarding phenomena (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical data source for grounded theory research?

<p>Government databases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnographic research is solely rooted in sociology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple data sources in ethnographic research are only used for quantitative analysis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vivid descriptions and contextualization are identified as techniques to enhance the persuasiveness of ethnographic narratives.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using vignettes in ethnographic writing helps readers to engage in lived experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnographers face little challenge in presenting their findings convincingly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research methods primarily aim to measure the frequency of phenomena in the social world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A major challenge in qualitative research is gaining access to the field, which can be time-consuming.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The philosophy of science in qualitative research disregards the researcher’s perspective.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Current standings show that qualitative research articles constitute 50% of AMJ publications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research aims to rehumanize management and organization research and theory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Semi-structured interviews provide a rigid set of questions that do not allow for spontaneous follow-ups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open interviews are useful for exploratory research but lack consistency in data collection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recording and taking notes during an interview are discouraged as they can distract from the conversation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In structured interviews, the participant's responses heavily dictate the flow of the conversation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using artifacts to trigger responses in interviews can provide richer qualitative insights.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Letting the interviewee speak freely without interruption is crucial for gathering comprehensive qualitative data.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative interviews, asking for anecdotes is discouraged as it can lead to irrelevant topics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The design science research process includes a critical evaluation of existing knowledge contributing to the artefact's development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interviews in design science research should always employ unstructured formats to maximize flexibility.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relevance cycle in design science research ensures that the research is disconnected from real-world problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A critical aspect of design science research is evaluating the efficacy of the designed artefact.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The guidelines for researchers in design science research discourage scientific rigor to favor innovative approaches.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of predetermined answers in structured interviews enhances comparability across different interviews.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contributions to theory within the problem domain are not required from design science research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An artefact designed through the design science approach should address only theoretical aspects and not practical needs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of conducting multiple case studies?

<p>To develop a theory that is generalizable and testable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of case study focuses on unique or revealing instances of a phenomenon?

<p>Revelatory case (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of case study research, what does the term 'embedded units of analysis' refer to?

<p>Multiple aspects or subcases within a single case study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is often employed to gain access for case study research?

<p>Utilizing professional relationships and networking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the theoretical lens play in case study design?

<p>It helps refine the research question and data analysis approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of qualitative research questions?

<p>To identify subjective interpretative schemes and cultural practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for qualitative methodologies to align with theoretical frameworks?

<p>To achieve coherent and meaningful research outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should case selection be guided in qualitative research?

<p>By the specific aims of the research question being addressed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a conceptual framework play in qualitative research?

<p>To assist in sorting empirical insights and developing theoretical constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of qualitative research encourages ongoing investigation into certain phenomena?

<p>The nature of qualitative questions that allow for emerging surprises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of using multiple data sources in qualitative research?

<p>It becomes time and resource intensive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does triangulation of data sources benefit researchers?

<p>By providing a more nuanced understanding of complex phenomena. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of qualitative research is highlighted as contributing to theory development?

<p>In-depth exploration of specific contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often faced when persuading readers of case study research?

<p>Questioning the representativeness of samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the analytic generalization in qualitative research?

<p>It relates findings to existing theory in specific contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of intensive data collection methods in qualitative research?

<p>In-depth contextual understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the case study methodology according to the content provided?

<p>The importance of a well-defined research question. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do case studies play in enhancing understanding within qualitative research?

<p>They illustrate theoretical concepts and causal mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of suggesting possible solutions during the design process?

<p>To enhance problem awareness and identify the best solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are typically involved in the artefact development step of design science research?

<p>Models, prototypes, and software code implementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the artefact evaluation step contribute to the overall design process?

<p>It generates knowledge that informs further design iterations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates formative evaluation from summative evaluation in artefact evaluation?

<p>Formative evaluation aims to improve the design while summative evaluation measures final effectiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the design science research process often leads to the necessity of revisiting earlier steps?

<p>The production of new knowledge as a result of each design iteration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artefact is typically developed in the artefact development step?

<p>Physical representations such as mock-ups or actual software code (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does writing notes on design decisions play in the artefact development process?

<p>It helps in reconstructing the design process and understanding decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Design Science Research

Creates innovative solutions to technical or organizational problems by developing artefacts.

Design Science Artifact

The outcome of a design process, a new tool, method or system.

Design Science Problem Awareness

Understanding the problem space by identifying needs, goals, requirements and stakeholders.

Behavioral Science

Studies human or organizational behavior to understand, explain and predict it.

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Design Science Process

An iterative process with steps like problem awareness, concept generation, and evaluation.

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Qualitative observation

A research method that uses multiple senses to understand a situation, space, or organization. It goes beyond just seeing and involves feeling, intuition, and noticing patterns.

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Sensitizing questions

Questions used in qualitative observation to explore deeper meanings, feelings, and intuitions about a situation, space, or organization.

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Nexus Analysis

A method used in qualitative interviews to analyze the social practices that influence researcher-participant interactions.

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Reflexivity

The researcher's awareness of their own influence on the research process and outcomes; essential for ensuring objectivity in qualitative research.

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Artifacts

Physical objects or elements within a space (like furniture, documents) that provide insights into a group's activities and values.

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Social Practice Perspective

An approach to understanding how social interactions and context shape behaviors in qualitative research.

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Multi-sensory ethnography

A qualitative research method focused on understanding a culture based on multiple sensory perceptions.

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Verification

Checking observations with subsequent observations and seeking insights from informants; essential in qualitative research for ensuring accuracy.

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Artifacts' Influence on Action

Artifacts (objects, documents, visuals) shape and limit actions, not passively but actively. They give meaning beyond their simple form. They are political and meaningful, not just background elements.

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Sociomateriality

The study of how social and material aspects are intertwined and create meaning together. They aren't separate realms, but rather co-exist.

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Visual Artifacts' Performativity

Visual materials (charts, pictures, presentations) create an imaginary future and guide future practices. They play different roles over time as they're used and interpreted.

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Artifacts and Strategic Understanding

Presentations and visuals shape how people understand strategy. They aren't just neutral displays of information; they provoke discussion and new understandings.

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Spatial Aspects & Organization

The layout and design of a space (office, building) impacts how an organization shapes and is shaped, influencing how people interact and work.

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Artifacts and Stigmatized Groups

Critically examining artifacts allows us to see the struggles of marginalized groups, revealing inequalities hidden in visuals and information systems.

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Multimodality

The combined use of different communication modes (words, images, gestures) which together create meaning.

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Political Nature of Artifacts

Artifacts reflect and shape power dynamics. Who has access to create them, and how do these choices reflect societal power structures? Are some perspectives marginalized.

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Open Strategy-Making

A practice that increases transparency in strategic processes by involving external stakeholders, contrasting with traditional closed approaches.

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Ethical Data Collection

Collecting data while adhering to ethical principles, particularly when working with online data and human participants.

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Anonymization vs. Attribution

Balancing the need for privacy by masking personal information while maintaining the ability to trace data back to its source.

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Data Source Types

Different sources of data used in research, ranging from readily available online data to primary sources generated through interviews or surveys.

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Automated Data Scraping

Using software to systematically extract data from online sources, automating the data gathering process.

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Sentiment Analysis

Using computational methods to identify and categorize the emotional tone expressed in text data.

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Topic Modeling

Using algorithms to discover and analyze the main topics discussed within a large collection of text data.

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Manual Data Analysis

Analyzing data by carefully examining each piece of data, often used for smaller datasets or initial insights.

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Process Theory

A type of theory that explains how things change over time through activities and events, focusing on the dynamic unfolding of phenomena.

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Linear Theorizing Style

A linear approach to process theorizing, where the focus is on identifying sequential stages or steps within a process, often adapting existing models.

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Parallel Theorizing Style

A process theorizing style where multiple processes occur simultaneously and influence each other, highlighting co-evolution or branching points.

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Recursive Theorizing Style

Process theorizing emphasizing continuous cycles, feedback loops, and ongoing adaptation, highlighting the iterative nature of processes.

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Conjunctive Theorizing Style

A process theorizing approach that seeks to bridge diverse elements and overcome dualisms, aiming to create comprehensive and integrated process theories.

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Impression Management

The way businesses try to present a positive image to gain trust and support from customers, investors, and the media.

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Open Strategy

Sharing a company's strategic plans and decisions openly with stakeholders, instead of keeping it confidential.

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Modes of Open Strategy

Different ways companies can engage in open strategy, including broadcasting information, having conversations with stakeholders, and involving them in decision-making.

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Grounded Theory

A research method that analyzes data to develop theories based on the perspectives of people involved.

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Inductive Approach

A research approach that starts with observations and data, then uses it to form a theory.

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Ethnographic Research

A research method that immerses researchers in a specific setting to understand the culture and practices of a group, often involving observation, interviews, and document analysis.

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Thick Description

Detailed descriptions of observations in ethnographic research, capturing not just the actions but also the context, meanings, and interpretations.

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First-order Concepts

Concepts directly observed and experienced by the researcher in ethnographic fieldwork, like specific actions, behaviors, or objects.

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Second-order Concepts

The interpretations, meanings, and theoretical understandings that emerge from analyzing first-order concepts, revealing deeper insights.

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Vignettes

Short excerpts or stories from field notes in ethnographic writing, used to illustrate and bring to life the lived experiences.

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Qualitative Research

A research approach that focuses on understanding the meaning and experiences of people, using methods like interviews, observations, and text analysis.

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Social Construction of Reality

The idea that our understanding of the world is shaped by social interactions, language, and cultural meanings.

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Why Qualitative Research?

Qualitative research helps explore unexpected findings, develop new theories, capture insider perspectives, bridge research and practice, and bring a human-centered approach to research.

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Deductive vs. Inductive

Deductive reasoning starts with a theory and tests it with data, while inductive reasoning observes data and builds a theory from it. Qualitative research often uses an inductive approach.

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Challenges in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research faces challenges like gaining access to participants, overcoming preconceptions, and navigating the scrutiny of qualitative methods in publication.

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Relevance Cycle

The process of connecting design science research to real-world problems, ensuring that the research addresses practical needs and has a meaningful impact.

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Structured Interview

A highly organized interview with a predefined set of questions asked in a specific order, providing consistent and reliable data.

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Design Science Rigor

The need for meticulousness in both designing and evaluating artifacts to ensure the quality and relevance of research outcomes.

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Artifact Efficacy

Evaluating the effectiveness and impact of a designed artifact in addressing the real-world problem it was intended to solve.

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Contribution Beyond Artifact

The value design science research should provide beyond just the artifact itself, including contributions to design knowledge, theory, or research methods.

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Interviews and Observations

Common data collection methods in qualitative research, used to gather rich and detailed information about a specific phenomenon.

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Critical Reflection

A key aspect of qualitative research where researchers examine their own biases and assumptions to ensure objectivity in their analysis and interpretation.

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Semi-structured Interview

A flexible interview with a guiding set of questions or topics, allowing for spontaneous follow-ups and exploration of unexpected areas.

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Open (Unstructured) Interview

A conversational interview without a predefined structure, allowing the interview to flow freely based on the participant's responses.

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Interviewing: Constructing Meaning

Interviews are not just about listening, but actively collaborating with interviewees to understand their perspectives. The interviewer is involved in shaping the meaning of the interview.

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Interviewing: Social Practices & Embodiment

Interviews are situated and embodied, meaning they are influenced by the context, environment, and the interactions between the interviewer and interviewee.

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Interviewing: Impression Management

Interviewees may try to present a positive image or manage their reputation, influencing what they share.

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Interviewing: Interview Guide vs. Deeper Exploration

Balance using an interview guide to cover key topics with your ability to go beyond the guide to explore interesting points that arise.

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Interviewing: How to Interpret

Be thoughtful about how you interpret what interviewees say, consider their motivations and the context of their answers.

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Qualitative Research Question

A research question designed to explore subjective experiences, perceptions, and cultural contexts; aims to understand the "why" and "how" behind phenomena.

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Conceptual Framework

A theoretical structure that guides qualitative research, connecting findings to existing research and enabling deeper analysis beyond simple descriptions.

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Case Selection

Choosing specific cases to analyze within qualitative research, guided by the research question and aiming to provide rich insights.

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Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Questions

Quantitative research questions focus on measuring and comparing, while qualitative research questions delve into understanding meanings, interpretations, and experiences.

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Developing Research Questions

Creating specific and open-ended research questions that emerge from existing research, address gaps in knowledge, and allow for unexpected discoveries.

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Case Study Research

In-depth investigation of a specific phenomenon within a bounded system (e.g., person, group, organization). It explores "how" and "why" questions using multiple data sources and considers context.

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Single Case Study

A detailed examination of a single case to gain a comprehensive understanding of a specific phenomenon. The goal is often to develop novel theory based on this in-depth exploration.

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Multiple Case Studies

Examining and comparing several cases to achieve a deeper understanding of a phenomenon. The aim is to generate a theory that is generalizable, parsimonious, and testable through propositions.

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Theoretical Lens

A specific theoretical framework (e.g., institutional theory, practice theory) that guides the research design and analysis of a case study. It helps shape the research question, case selection, data collection, and interpretation.

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Embedded Units of Analysis

Multiple aspects within a single case that are studied to provide a comprehensive understanding of its complexity. This allows for a deeper exploration of the case's various dimensions.

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Triangulation of Data

Using multiple data sources (interviews, observations, documents) to get a more complete understanding of a topic. This is common in qualitative research.

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Case Study Methodology

A research approach that focuses on in-depth study of a specific case (person, event, organization) to gain detailed insights.

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Opportunities of Case Studies

Case studies offer the chance to explore complex phenomena in real-life contexts, providing rich understanding and contributing to theory development.

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Limitations of Case Studies

Case studies are time-consuming and may have limited generalizability, meaning findings might not apply to broader populations.

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Persuasiveness of Case Studies

Case studies can be persuasive if they provide compelling evidence and address concerns about sample size and representativeness.

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Motivation and Inspiration from Case Studies

Case studies can inspire new research questions and ideas, highlighting their value in qualitative research.

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Illustration of Concepts in Case Studies

Case studies help to clarify theoretical concepts and causal mechanisms through real-world examples.

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Analytical Generalization

While case studies may not generalize to broader populations, they can still contribute to theoretical understanding and knowledge.

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Design Science Research Process

An iterative process for creating solutions to real-world problems. It involves understanding the problem, generating design suggestions, developing artifacts, and thoroughly evaluating them.

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Artefact Development

The core of design science research, where the solution (an artefact) is developed based on gathered knowledge and design suggestions. This often involves an iterative process.

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Artefact Evaluation

Assessing the efficacy of the designed artefact. It determines whether it solves the real-world problem and contributes to existing knowledge.

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Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

Formative evaluation is done during the design process to improve the artefact. Summative evaluation is done after completion to assess overall effectiveness.

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Iterative Exploration

Repeating steps in the design science research process to refine the knowledge base, design suggestions, and understanding of the problem space.

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Flowing Knowledge

The knowledge gained during design science research flows back into the design process, improving future design suggestions and solutions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Advanced Qualitative Research Methods

  • Qualitative research employs non-numerical data, including text and visuals. Researchers are the primary instruments, using methods like interviews, observations, and document analysis.
  • Qualitative research seeks to understand the meaning behind phenomena, not just count them. It's often conducted in natural settings, with flexible designs that evolve during the study.
  • Qualitative samples are typically small and non-random, purposefully selected. Findings are comprehensive, detailed, and descriptive. Compare to quantitative research which utilizes numbers and often laboratory settings, with large and random samples, and deductive theorizing of data.

Philosophy of Science

  • Qualitative research is rooted in different philosophical assumptions than quantitative research, resulting in different approaches to questions of scientific method
  • Qualitative research considers social reality to be socially constructed through signs, language, meaning, and culture.
  • Researcher's perspectives and interpretations are critical aspects of understanding social meaning.
  • Qualitative research can explore new ideas, develop novel theories, and bridge researcher and practice, unlike quantitative research which primarily tests pre-existing theories.

Deduction vs. Induction

  • Deduction uses general statements to explain individual observations, while induction uses observations to develop general statements.
  • Deduction employs logical certainty but doesn't create new knowledge. Induction lacks logical certainty, but enables new knowledge development.

Qualitative Research in Management Studies

  • Qualitative research in management studies is gaining importance, with a noticeable presence in journals like AMJ (Academy of Management Journal).
  • The methods used in qualitative research are diverse, not limited.
  • Researchers face challenges like gaining access, overcoming preconceived notions, and publishing qualitative research in comparison to quantitative research.

Qualitative Research Questions

  • Qualitative research questions aim to understand the subjective interpretations of phenomena.
  • These questions aim to understand motivations, culture, and beliefs rather than merely collecting data on frequency.
  • The researchers' goal is to reconstruct subjective realities and contexts.

Qualitative Research Design

  • A clear research question guides qualitative research projects.
  • Qualitative research designs consider participant numbers, data types ( interviews, observations, visual data), and analysis procedures.

Case Studies in Qualitative Research

  • Case studies are rich descriptions of specific instances of phenomena ( organizations, relationships, processes).
  • Case studies focus on understanding the particularities of a phenomenon.
  • Single-case studies provide deep understanding of phenomena at one moment. Multiple-case studies compare and contrast the phenomena across multiple cases/situations.

Qualitative Data Collection

  • Methods include interviews, observations, documents, archival records, and field notes.
  • Triangulation (using several data sources) is a commonly-used technique to verify and enhance the credibility of findings.

Ethnographic Research

  • Ethnographic research aims to understand cultures and behaviors of people/organizations.
  • Ethnographers gather data through observation, interviews, and document review.

Online Data in Research

  • Online data offer new opportunities for qualitative research, including:
  • Access to large datasets and diverse perspectives.
  • Analysis of user interactions and communication patterns.
  • Exploration of online communities and online networks.

Critical Reflections on Observation and Interviews

  • Structured interviews employ pre-determined questions. Semi-structured interviews allow for flexible follow-up questions. Unstructured interview questions are conversational and informal.
  • Observational data collecting is often conducted by researchers alongside participants, allowing for contextualized understanding of the data collected.
  • Researcher bias can influence studies.

Design Science Research

  • Design science research's outcome is an artifact (tool, software, method) to address a problem.
  • The design is iterative; the process is revisited or repeated.
  • Each step in design science research (problem awareness, suggestions, development, evaluation, and conclusion) is equally important.

Theorizing from Qualitative Data

  • Grounded theory is one approach to formulating theoretical explanations from qualitative data through a cyclical process.
  • It involves gathering, analyzing, and theorizing from data to create new theory.
  • Propositional theorizing, configurational theorizing, and process theorizing are three styles of theoretical explanation.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of advanced qualitative research methods. This quiz delves into the non-numerical data approaches used in understanding social phenomena and contrasts them with quantitative research methods. Test your knowledge on the philosophical foundations and methodological differences between these research paradigms.

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