Questions and Answers
According to the Arrhenius model, what type of ions do acids produce in aqueous solutions?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
What is the main limitation of the Arrhenius model of acids and bases?
It fails to account for compounds that do not contain the hydroxide ion, such as ammonia.
According to the Brønsted-Lowry model, what is the role of water when it reacts with hydrogen chloride?
Water acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base, accepting a proton from hydrogen chloride.
What is the difference in the equilibrium behavior between a strong acid like hydrogen chloride and a weak base like ammonia, according to the Brønsted-Lowry model?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of an amphoteric (or amphiprotic) substance in the Brønsted-Lowry model?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the Brønsted-Lowry model of acids and bases is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the products formed when a dilute acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines an alkali?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of bases in terms of pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when a base restores the blue color to litmus paper that was turned red by an acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes soluble bases according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the strength of an alkali according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of an Arrhenius acid according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the passage, what is the significance of maintaining a specific pH in human blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about acids and bases is true according to the passage?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the passage, what was Arrhenius's contribution to the understanding of acids and bases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of an Arrhenius base according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the passage, what is the reason for different definitions of acids and bases?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a Lewis acid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property is NOT characteristic of strong acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of acid is hydrochloric acid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which acid is considered monoprotic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a unique characteristic of Lewis bases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding the strength of acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acids and Bases
- Acids are solutes that produce hydrogen ions (H+ (aq)) in aqueous solutions.
- Bases produce hydroxide ions (OH- (aq)) when dissolved in water.
Arrhenius' Acid and Base
- In 1884, Arrhenius defined an acid as a substance that gives H+ and a base as one that gives OH-.
- According to Arrhenius, acid-base reactions involve the dissociation of HA (acid) and BOH (base) to form H+ and OH-.
Brønsted-Lowry Acid and Base
- In 1923, Brønsted and Lowry recognized that acid-base interactions involve the transfer of a proton (H+ ion) from one reactant to another.
- According to Brønsted and Lowry, hydrogen chloride reacts with water to form a hydronium ion and a chloride ion, with hydrogen chloride acting as a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
- Ammonia reacts with water to form a dynamic equilibrium with the products of the reaction, with ammonia acting as a Brønsted-Lowry base and water as a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
Properties of Acids
- pH values lower than the neutral value of 7.
- Sharp sour taste.
- React with certain metals to liberate hydrogen gas.
- Soluble in water, releasing H+ ions in solution.
- Often corrosive.
- Strong acids can damage the skin and be dangerous.
- Neutralized by bases.
- React with carbonates and bicarbonates to give off carbon dioxide gas.
- React with active metals to release hydrogen gas.
Properties of Bases
- pH values between 8 and 14.
- Soluble bases are called alkalis.
- Bases are oxides or hydroxides of metallic elements.
- React with acids to neutralize them, forming salts and water.
- Contain a hydroxide ion (OH-) that reacts with and 'picks up' a H+ ion to form a water molecule.
- Bitter taste.
- Soapy feeling when in a solution.
- Restore blue color to litmus that was turned red by an acid.
Strength of Acids and Bases
- The strength of an acid depends on the concentration of H+ ions formed in solution.
- Strong acids produce a high concentration of H+ ions, whereas weak acids produce a low H+ concentration in solution.
- The strength of an alkali depends on the amount of OH- ions in solution.
- More ionization results in a stronger alkali.
Classification of Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius acids and bases.
- Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases.
- Lewis acids and bases.
Lewis Acids and Bases
- A Lewis acid is defined as any species that accepts lone pair electrons.
- A Lewis base is any species that donates lone pair electrons.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
