Introducing Organizational Culture

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'culture' refer to?

A common frame of reference that spans a set of beliefs, mores and usages (correct)

A way of communicating through language

A style of dressing

A set of rules and regulations

On what scale can culture be observed?

Neither on a small scale nor a large scale

Either on a small scale or a large scale (correct)

Only on a large scale

Only on a small scale

What is a characteristic of Europeans' eating habits?

They prefer pre-cooked meals and fast food (correct)

They spend a lot of time cooking

They never eat out

They only eat at home

How much do U.S. corporations invest in food-processing and distribution facilities abroad?

Fifty billion dollars a year Signup and view all the answers

According to the Financial Times, how many trips to the moon would the total distance US shoppers drive to outlet shopping malls equal?

44,000 trips to the moon Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of a book by Ellen Ruppell Shell?

Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the author who wrote about the love of the French language?

Alain Rey Signup and view all the answers

In what year was an article by Elizabeth Kolbert published?

2009 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of Anti-Federalists regarding the new central government?

The establishment of a professional army Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonly attributed reason behind James Madison's inclusion of the Second Amendment?

To appease Anti-Federalists Signup and view all the answers

What was the original provision in the Second Amendment regarding conscientious objectors?

No one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service Signup and view all the answers

Who was the former United States Solicitor General and dean of Harvard Law School who wrote about the Second Amendment?

Erwin N. Griswold Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the Second Amendment according to Erwin N. Griswold?

It is the only amendment that spells out its purpose Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary context in which the right to bear arms was understood in American history?

Maintaining a well-regulated militia Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the year 1939 in the context of the Second Amendment?

The year the Supreme Court ruled on the Second Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What was the 'obvious purpose' of the Second Amendment according to the Miller decision?

To assure the continuation and effectiveness of State militias Signup and view all the answers

What was the composition of State militias as they originally existed?

White males aged 16 to 60 Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Article VI of the Articles of Confederation?

To regulate the militia Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote the article 'How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment'?

Michael Waldman Signup and view all the answers

What did former Chief Justice Warren Burger call the idea that the Second Amendment protected individual gun rights?

A fraud on the American public Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Article VI of the Articles of Confederation ratified?

1781 Signup and view all the answers

What did the Supreme Court hold in 1989 regarding legislative restrictions on firearms?

They do not trench upon constitutionally protected liberties Signup and view all the answers

Who appointed Warren Burger as Chief Justice?

President Nixon Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the defendant's right to self-defense, according to Justice Harlan?

The belief that the deceased intended to take his life or do great bodily harm Signup and view all the answers

What does the Second Amendment protect, according to the Supreme Court?

The right to bear arms for self-defense Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a permitted regulation of gun owners, according to Justice Scalia?

Prohibiting felons from possessing guns Signup and view all the answers

What is a circumstance under which the right to bear arms may not apply, according to the Supreme Court?

In areas such as courthouses or school zones Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of the right to keep and bear arms, according to the Supreme Court?

The right is subject to regulation and limitation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interpretation of the Heller decision, aside from a decisive victory for gun rights advocates?

A compromise between individual rights and public safety Signup and view all the answers

According to Justice Harlan, what is the defendant's obligation when faced with a deadly threat?

To stand his ground and meet the attack Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of firearm that the government may ban, according to the Supreme Court?

Dangerous and unusual firearms Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons that make it difficult to approach the culture of the English-speaking world?

Culture change Signup and view all the answers

What influences a criminal case from the decision to arrest and prosecute through the sentencing phase?

Cultural factors Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of culture change in the United States?

Gun culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of bottom-up and top-down considerations in cultural change?

Cultural change Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'Raising Cultural Defenses'?

Alison Dundes Renteln Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the journal where Anh T.Lam published an article?

Asian Am.Pac.Islands L.J. Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote 'The Cultural Defense: reflections in Light of the Model Penal Code and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act'?

Kent Greenawalt Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the journal where Paul J.Magnarella published an article?

J.Ethnic Stud. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Culture Definition and Scope

Culture refers to a shared frame of reference that encompasses a set of beliefs, mores, and usages that have developed and evolved in an environment, applicable to both small-scale legal persons (e.g., Wal-Mart) and large-scale communities (e.g., "discount culture" or "compensation culture").

Difficulty in Approaching English-Speaking World Culture

There are four reasons why it is challenging to approach the culture of the English-speaking world:
- Culture change
- The viewer's subjective approach to culture
- The ubiquity of culture
- The existence of the English-speaking world itself

Culture Change

Culture changes over time and space due to bottom-up considerations (new behavior and sub-culture alignment) and top-down considerations (leadership alignment).
An example of culture change is the gun culture of the United States, which has evolved significantly over time.

Gun Culture in the United States

The prevailing judicial view was that the Second Amendment guaranteed the right to bear arms only in the context of maintaining a well-regulated state-sponsored militia, which was initially understood in the context of conducting military activities.
The Second Amendment was originally intended to ensure the continuation and effectiveness of state militias.
The Supreme Court repeatedly affirmed that the Second Amendment protected only state militias, not private ownership of guns, until the 2008 District of Columbia v. Heller case, which ruled that the Second Amendment secured an individual right to possess a firearm for self-defense.
However, the right to keep and bear arms is not unlimited, and the government can regulate gun owners, prohibit certain types of firearms, and ban possession of guns in specific areas.

Judicial Views on the Second Amendment

Former United States Solicitor General and Dean of Harvard Law School, Erwin N. Griswold, believed that the Second Amendment was unique in that it explicitly stated its purpose in its text.
Former Chief Justice Warren Burger stated that the idea that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to bear arms was "one of the greatest pieces of fraud" on the American public.
Justice Antonin Scalia clarified that the right to keep and bear arms is not unlimited and that the government can regulate gun owners and prohibit certain types of firearms.

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Description

Learn about the concept of culture in a small or large scale context, including its development and evolution in an environment.