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Questions and Answers
What was the name given to the school of thought that emerged in the 1950s in American psychology?
Who was the American psychologist who largely founded Humanistic Psychology?
What did Carl Rogers emphasize in his approach to human behavior?
What did Abraham Maslow develop in the context of humanistic psychology?
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What is a key difference between humanistic psychology and behaviorism?
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Which perspective in psychology focuses on the environmental influences on behavior?
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What is a commonality between humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis?
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What is the main focus of the Biological Perspective in psychology?
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How many major perspectives in psychology are mentioned in the content?
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What was the dominant force in American psychology before the emergence of humanistic psychology?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
- The definition of psychology has changed over the past century, and it is now a separate and unique scientific discipline.
Objectives of Psychology
- To describe behavior
- To understand behavior and why it occurs
- To predict behavior and when it will occur
- To influence or alter behavior to achieve a goal
- To identify the conditions that affect behavior
History of Psychology
- The beginning of psychology can be traced back to the writings of Greek philosophers.
- Wilhelm Wundt applied experimental methods to the study of fundamental psychological processes in 1874.
- Wundt published the first psychology textbook, "Principles of Physiological Psychology", which outlined the connections between physiology and psychology.
Structuralism
- Established by Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt
- Focuses on breaking down complex conscious experiences into elemental structures or component parts of sensation and feelings
- Uses introspection, a process where subjects describe their sensations and feelings immediately after viewing a stimulus
Functionalism
- Established by William James, a Harvard professor
- Focuses on how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment
- Expands research scope to include direct observation of living creatures in natural settings
William James and his Students
- G. Stanley Hall received the first Ph.D in psychology in America in 1878
- Mary Whiton Calkins, under the direction of James, completed requirements for a Ph.D in psychology in 1890
- Calkins established a psychology laboratory at Wellesley College and became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association
Twentieth Century Leaders in Psychology
- Beginning in the early 1900s, new approaches emerged that challenged structuralism and functionalism
Behaviorism
- Emerged as a dominant force in the early 1900s
- Rejected the emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism and functionalism
- Focuses on observable behavior that can be objectively measured and verified
- Developed by John Watson, who championed behaviorism as a new school of psychology
Psychoanalysis
- Developed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician
- Focuses on uncovering causes of behavior that are unconscious or hidden from conscious awareness
Humanistic Psychology
- Emerged in the 1950s as a new school of thought
- Founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- Emphasizes conscious experiences, self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice in human behavior
- Focuses on psychological growth and self-direction
Four Major Perspectives in Psychology
- Biological Perspective: focuses on the influence of genetics or physical bases on behavior
- Behavioral Perspective: focuses on the environmental influences on behavior
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Description
Explore the basics of psychology in this introductory module. Learn about the purpose and fundamentals of psychology.
