Intro to Applied Kinesiology - Huntington University
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Questions and Answers

What role does the prime mover (agonist) play in muscle dynamics?

  • Muscle that produces the most force for a particular motion (correct)
  • Muscle that stabilizes the joint
  • Muscle that counteracts specific motion
  • Muscle that assists the prime mover

    • The joint reaction force is generated by muscles acting on the joints.

    False

    What is the ratio of external moment arm to internal moment arm given the external moment arm is 28 cm and the internal moment arm is 4 cm?

    7:1

    In mechanics, __________ are muscles that stabilize the joint or the origin of active muscles.

    <p>stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscle roles to their definitions:

    <p>Antagonist = Muscle that counteracts specific motion Synergist = Muscle that assists the prime mover Prime Mover = Muscle producing the most force Force Couple = Muscles acting in opposite directions to stabilize a joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of kinesiology?

    <p>Study of mechanics of body movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of a moment refers to the torque created by a force acting at a distance from a pivot point.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'vector' as it relates to biomechanics.

    <p>A vector represents forces such as joint and muscle actions, characterized by magnitude, orientation, and direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a mechanism that transmits force, and its effectiveness is influenced by the distance from the center of rotation.

    <p>moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Kinesiology = Study of mechanics of body movements Biomechanics = Study of biological systems' response to mechanical forces Force = A push or pull on an object Moment = Torque created by force at a distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'moment arm'?

    <p>Perpendicular distance of force from the point of rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occupational Therapy Practice Framework focuses on client factors and performance patterns only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a force couple in biomechanics?

    <p>A force couple refers to two equal and opposite forces that create rotation without translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an object is in static equilibrium?

    <p>All forces are balanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the human body, most joints act as second-class levers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Center of Gravity (COG)?

    <p>Point at which weight of an object appears to be concentrated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newton's 1st Law states that an object remains at rest unless acted upon by an __________ external force.

    <p>unbalanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of levers with their descriptions:

    <p>1st Class = Forces on different sides of the axis, like a seesaw 2nd Class = Forces on the same side, with resistance closer to axis, like a wheelbarrow 3rd Class = Forces on the same side, with effort closer to axis, like a shovel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resistive force in the context of musculoskeletal levers?

    <p>External force like gravity or weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinematics studies the concept of forces acting on an object.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does translation refer to in kinematics?

    <p>When all points of an object move the same distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the motion analyzed under the study of kinetics?

    <p>Motion under the action of force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potential energy is the energy of motion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mobilization techniques in joint treatment?

    <p>To restore optimal joint kinematics, improve motion and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ______ plane, most flexion and extension occurs.

    <p>sagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of energy with their definitions:

    <p>Potential Energy = Stored energy Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion Work = Force required to move an object a certain distance Power = Rate that work is being done</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about strain is correct?

    <p>Strain is the normalized stretch or displacement of a material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define displacement in the context of motion.

    <p>Distance traveled between two locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when materials are moving against one another?

    <p>Shear forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elastic deformation leads to permanent changes in a material's shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the maximum load at which body tissue can sustain before breaking?

    <p>Ultimate Strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ material yields before breaking completely.

    <p>ductile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Yield Point = Stress that causes plastic deformation Fatigue Limit = Stress below which material will never fail Elastic Deformation = Returns to original size after stress is removed Plastic Deformation = Permanent change in shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Young’s Modulus a measure of?

    <p>The slope of stress vs. strain curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brittle materials yield before they break.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to materials under repeated loading below the yield strength?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Objectives

    • Review principles of physics applied to kinesiology.
    • Define terms like vector, moment arm, and force in biomechanics.
    • Explore types of levers and their presence in the human body.
    • Introduce force couples and synergy in body biomechanics.

    Functional Anatomy

    • Analyzes anatomical structures involved in movement and function.
    • Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) includes:
      • Motor performance skills.
      • Body structures and functions as client factors.
      • Performance patterns such as habits, roles, routines, and rituals.
    • Motion is purposeful, influenced by client factors and environmental context.

    Terminology

    • Kinesiology studies the mechanics of body movements.
    • Biomechanics examines biological systems' responses to mechanical forces.
    • Both fields incorporate principles from math, physics, and biology.

    Vectors

    • Represent forces in joint and muscle actions.
      • Magnitude is indicated by line length.
      • Orientation is the angular position of the line.
      • Direction is shown by the arrowhead location.
      • Point of application is where force is exerted (e.g., tendon insertion).

    Forces and Moments

    • Force: A push or pull from the interaction of objects.
    • Moment (Torque): Force applied at a distance from the center of rotation.
      • Moment formula: Moment = r (distance) x F (force).
      • Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance from the force application point to the axis of rotation.

    Internal vs. External Moments

    • Muscles generate internal forces (moments) to rotate joints.
    • External forces include gravity or object weight impacting joints.
    • Joint Reaction Force occurs in response to external forces, significant in activities like carrying objects.

    Joint Reaction Force Calculation

    • Example: 10 lbs x 4 cm gives a ratio of external to internal moment arms (28:4 = 7:1).

    Muscle Forces

    • Prime Mover (Agonist): Muscle providing the primary force for movement.
    • Antagonist: Muscle counteracting specific motion, requires relaxation.
    • Stabilizer/Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the proximal segment (e.g., scapula during humeral elevation).
    • Synergist: Assists the prime mover in specific motions.

    Force Couple

    • Muscles acting with similar force in opposing directions stabilize or move joints (e.g., scapular stabilizers).

    Static Equilibrium

    • Achieved when the sum of all vectors equals zero, resulting in no motion.
    • Newton’s 1st Law: An object remains at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force (e.g., holding an arm still).

    Musculoskeletal Levers

    • Comprised of exerted force (muscle), resistive force (external), and an axis (joint).
    • Mechanical advantage enhances joint leverage.

    Types of Levers

    • 1st Class: Forces on opposite sides of the axis (e.g., seesaw).
    • 2nd Class: External force closer to axis than muscle force (e.g., wheelbarrow).
    • 3rd Class: Muscle force closer to axis than external force; most human joints are 3rd class.

    Center of Gravity (COG)

    • Defined as the point where an object's weight appears concentrated, typically at the 2nd sacral vertebra in anatomical position.
    • COG shifts with movement and alters with age.

    Clinical Application in Patient Transfers

    • Proper body mechanics during transfers involve a gait belt, strategic foot placement to create a fulcrum, and back straight lifting techniques.

    Kinematics

    • Kinematics studies motion irrespective of forces. Types of motion include:
      • Rotation: Movement around a static point.
      • Translation: All points of a body move the same distance.

    Kinematic Principles

    • Important for joint treatment, focusing on restoring optimal motion patterns.

    Basic Kinematic Concepts

    • Position: Location in space.
    • Displacement: Distance between two points.
    • Velocity: Displacement over time.
    • Acceleration: Change in velocity over time.

    Planes of Motion

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides right and left; involves flexion/extension.
    • Frontal Plane: Divides front and back; involves abduction/adduction (also called the coronal plane).
    • Transverse Plane: Divides top and bottom.

    Kinetics

    • Study of motion under force; includes definitions for work, power, energy, and its types.

    Mechanical Properties of Materials

    • Distinction between extensive properties (mass, volume) and intensive properties (density, stress).

    Stress vs. Strain

    • Stress defined as force per area; strain is the normalized stretch or change in length due to stress.

    Types of Loads

    • Compressive Load: Pushing along the axis of an object.
    • Tensile Load: Pulling along the axis.

    Shear Forces

    • Occur when materials move against each other, producing stress and strain.

    Stress-Strain Testing

    • Evaluates flexibility of tissues, denoted by Young’s Modulus, which measures strain under stress.

    Load to Failure

    • Refers to the maximum stress before material rupture; ultimate strength indicates the highest stress a material can handle.

    Elastic vs. Plastic Deformation

    • Elastic Deformation: Returns to original shape post-stress.
    • Plastic Deformation: Permanent change in shape/size after stress.

    Yield Point and Material Types

    • Amount of stress causing plastic deformation; differentiates between ductile (yields before breaking) and brittle (breaks without yielding) materials.

    Fatigue in Materials

    • Occurs with repeated loading/unloading below yield strength, weakening the material over time.

    Loading Rate

    • The loading rate can alter material behavior; faster loading typically results in more brittle outcomes, referred to as strain or stress rate.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential principles of physics in relation to kinesiology, defining terms such as vector, moment arm, and force. It explores different types of levers in the body and introduces concepts like force couples and synergy in biomechanics. Perfect for students eager to deepen their understanding of applied kinesiology.

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