Applied Anatomy & Kinesiology LEC

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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle fibers are primarily found in antigravity or postural muscles?

Type II fibers

Type IV fibers

Type I fibers (correct)

Type III fibers

What is the primary role of the antagonist muscle during an activity?

To provide opposite action to the agonist (correct)

To initiate the movement of the body part

To contract forcefully in the same direction

To stabilize the distal joints only

Which characteristic best describes the ability of a tissue to return to its original length after being stretched?

Plasticity

Elasticity (correct)

Extensibility

Viscosity

Which muscle is classified as a mobility muscle, which is used for rapid movements?

Gastrocneumius Signup and view all the answers

How does the viscosity of a tissue change with temperature?

Higher temperature decreases viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a synergist muscle?

A muscle that stabilizes the adjacent muscle Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the plastic range of muscle tissue?

Some tissue ruptures due to excessive force Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the ability of muscle fibers to undergo a change in shape under force?

Viscoelasticity Signup and view all the answers

As individuals age, what happens to type II muscle fibers?

They decrease in amount Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of kinesiology?

To understand movement and the forces acting on the body Signup and view all the answers

What function does an agonist muscle serve during an activity?

Serves as the muscle that is primarily responsible for movement Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into front and back sections?

Frontal plane Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a uniaxial joint?

Moves in one plane around one axis Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion occurs in a closed kinematic chain activity?

Movement of one segment requires all segments to move Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes rotary or angular motion?

Movement occurs around an axis or pivot point Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following articulating joint surface movements occurs with a concave surface?

Moves in the same direction as the bone segment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the scapulothoracic joint?

It helps in maintaining the length-tension relationship for shoulder muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of accessory movements in joint function?

They are essential for complete joint motion and often occur without conscious effort. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes translatory motion?

All points on the moving object travel the same distance and direction. Signup and view all the answers

What movement is limited by the conoid and trapezoid ligaments?

Upward rotation of the scapula. Signup and view all the answers

Which joint provides for subtle adjustments of the scapula during movement?

Sternoclavicular joint. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'degrees of freedom' refer to in the context of joints?

The number of planes within which a joint can move. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the sternoclavicular joint does not transverse rotate after 90 degrees of elevation?

It restricts upward rotation of the scapula. Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs during internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint?

Roll anteriorly and slide posteriorly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the close-packed position of the sternoclavicular joint?

Full elevation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'kinematic chain' imply?

A sequence of joints that operate together during movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forces is considered the primary force acting on all structures?

Gravity Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum range for upward rotation of the scapula during shoulder flexion?

30-45 degrees. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the coracoacromial arch?

To prevent superior dislocation of the humerus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic movement of a biaxial joint?

Moves in two planes around two axes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motion is involved in forearm supination?

Pronation and supination Signup and view all the answers

What defines a close-packed position of a joint?

The joint is mechanically stable with surfaces perfectly congruent. Signup and view all the answers

The scapula's inferior angle moves medially and posteriorly during which type of motion?

Downward rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint?

Lateral rotation, abduction, medial rotation. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

It may continue for up to 10 days post-exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What is active insufficiency?

The condition when a muscle is at its shortest length. Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament prevents superior dislocation of the clavicle on the scapula?

Coracoclavicular ligament. Signup and view all the answers

What describes passive components of the muscle?

Fascial fibers that resist elongation. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately before the tissue ruptures completely in the failure range?

A slight give in the structure is felt. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by creep in the context of tissue mechanics?

The gradual elongation of tissue under low load over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the length-tension relationship of muscles?

It defines maximum tension achievable at any muscle length. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle acts primarily as a stabilizer for the scapula?

Serratus anterior. Signup and view all the answers

At which length does a muscle produce maximum active tension?

At its resting length. Signup and view all the answers

What motion occurs at the scapulothoracic joint during shoulder abduction?

Protraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate angle at which the glenoid fossa is tilted anterior to the frontal plane?

30° to 45° Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the resting position of the acromioclavicular joint?

Arm by the side. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the scapula play in shoulder function?

It provides stability for glenohumeral joint movements. Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between muscle contraction speed and weight capacity?

Greater speeds decrease the amount of weight a muscle can lift. Signup and view all the answers

How do pennate muscles differ from fusiform muscles?

Pennate muscles attach at oblique angles to a central tendon. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the toe region on the stress-strain curve?

The tissue is in a crimped state helping absorb stress. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle strength after the age of 30?

It peaks and then begins to gradually decline. Signup and view all the answers

Why do larger muscles typically produce more force than smaller muscles?

They have a larger fiber cross-sectional area. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the greater muscle mass in males post-puberty?

Increased testosterone levels. Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does the scapula slide during elevation?

Upward Signup and view all the answers

How does the clavicle primarily position itself at the sternal end?

Convex anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the clavicle relative to the scapula's vertebral border?

Tilted approximately 5° upward Signup and view all the answers

Which joint acts as a strut to connect the upper extremity to the axial skeleton?

Sternoclavicular joint Signup and view all the answers

In which plane does the elevation and depression of the sternoclavicular joint occur?

Frontal plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motion accompanying scapular elevation at the scapuloclavicular (SC) joint?

Protraction Signup and view all the answers

The scapulothoracic joint is classified as which type of joint?

False joint Signup and view all the answers

What happens during downward rotation of the scapula?

The glenoid fossa moves to face inferiorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific range of protraction and retraction that occurs from a resting position at the sternoclavicular joint?

15° to 30° Signup and view all the answers

What movement occurs when the inferior angle of the scapula slides laterally and anteriorly?

Upward rotation Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint classified as?

Plane joint Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anterior tilting of the scapula?

The superior border tilts forward Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure limits the elevation of the sternoclavicular joint?

Costoclavicular ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which term is synonymous with scapular abduction?

Protraction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Overview

Focus on understanding human movement and forces affecting the body for injury prevention, functional restoration, and performance optimization.

Kinesiology

The study of human movement emphasizes beauty and scientific principles of motion.

Cardinal Planes

Reference Position: Standard anatomical position where body parts are oriented forward, palms facing forward, and fingers extended.

Three Cardinal Planes

Frontal (Coronal) Plane:
- Divides body into front and back.
- Motion includes abduction/adduction at joints.
Sagittal (Midsagittal) Plane:
- Divides body into left and right.
- Motion includes flexion/extension and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane:
- Divides body into upper and lower parts.
- Motion includes medial/lateral rotation, pronation/supination, and eversion/inversion.

Kinematics and Kinetics

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces, divided into osteokinematics and arthrokinematics.
Kinetics: Focuses on forces producing or resisting movement.

Degrees of Freedom

Joints can move in multiple planes with maximal freedom found in shoulder and hip joints (three degrees).

Types of Motion

Translatory Motion: Motion along or parallel to an axis (e.g., elevator moving straight).
Curvilinear Motion: Object travels in a curved path (e.g., tossing a ball).
Rotary (Angular) Motion: Occurs around an axis (e.g., spinning on a turntable).

Kinematic Chains

Open Kinematic Chain (OKC): Distal segment moves independently in space (e.g., kicking a ball).
Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC): Distal segment is fixed, requiring proximal segments to move (e.g., push-ups).

Arthrokinematics

Examines movements between articulating joint surfaces, vital for normal joint function.

Joint Surfaces

Ovoid Surface: Common in synovial joints where concave and convex relationships impact movement.
Sellar Surface: Features both convex and concave surfaces (e.g., thumb joint).

Positional Terms

Open Pack Position: Joint surfaces are not congruent, allowing for slack.
Close Packed Position: Joint surfaces fit perfectly, promoting stability and requiring less muscular force to maintain position.

Forces in Motion

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First Law: A body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon; motion remains constant unless affected by an external force.
- Second Law: Acceleration is proportional to net forces acting on an object and inversely proportional to its mass.
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Levers in Motion

Types of Levers:
- First-Class Lever: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., neck joint).
- Second-Class Lever: Resistance between force and fulcrum (e.g., wheelbarrow).
- Third-Class Lever: Force between fulcrum and resistance, common in the human body, allowing greater range of movement.

Force Vectors

Characteristics include magnitude and direction; they can be combined to determine resultant forces acting on the body or segments.

Torque

Defined as the effectiveness of a force in producing rotation, calculated as the product of force and distance to the axis of motion.

Significance of Motion Dynamics

Understanding forces, degrees of freedom, and motion types is crucial for analyzing human movement and developing efficient movement strategies in clinical practice and sports science.### Muscle Fiber Types
Muscles may consist of varying proportions of type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) fibers, which can change due to activity levels and hormone influences over a lifetime.
Type I fibers resist fatigue and support sustained activities, while type II fibers produce rapid force and power but have lower endurance.

Muscle Function and Roles

Agonist: The prime mover muscle responsible for a specific action.
Antagonist: Opposes the action of the agonist, often inactive during the primary activity to allow movement.
Synergist: Assists the agonist in performing an action and stabilizes other muscles.

Muscle Characteristics

Viscosity: Resistance of muscle tissue to deformation; reducing temperature increases viscosity, while applying heat decreases it.
Elasticity: The ability to stretch and return to original shape; more elastic tissues have greater extensibility but lower viscosity.
Extensibility: Ability to stretch; greater extensibility results in less viscosity.

Stress-Strain Curve

Toe region: Tissue displays a crimped appearance, taking up slack under stress.
Plastic range: Results in permanent tissue change; continued stress leads to micro-ruptures.
Creep: The gradual elongation due to a sustained low-level load.

Muscle Strength Factors

Influenced by muscle size, architecture, passive components, moment arm length, and speed of contraction.
Larger cross-sectional muscles generate greater force and can experience hypertrophy with exercise or atrophy with inactivity.

Length-Tension Relationships

Muscles demonstrate optimal tension at resting length; active tension declines when muscles shorten past optimal length due to fewer actin-myosin cross bridges.

Gender and Age Differences

Males typically possess greater muscle mass post-puberty, leading to about 50% more muscle mass than females.
Muscle strength peaks between ages 20-30 and declines thereafter, with developmental differences between genders.

Active and Passive Insufficiency

Active insufficiency occurs when a multijoint muscle is at its shortest length, preventing effective force production.
Passive insufficiency arises when a muscle is stretched over multiple joints, limiting shortening potential.

Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) typically begins 24 hours post-activity, lasting up to 10 days, potentially reducing range of motion and force output significantly.

Shoulder Complex Anatomy

Composed of 20 muscles, 3 bony articulations, and 3 soft tissue surfaces, enabling extensive mobility.
Functions include stabilizing the glenohumeral joint, allowing diverse hand placements, and facilitating body elevation and respiration.### Shoulder Girdle Structure
Manubrium connects left and right clavicles to the axial skeleton.
Glenoid fossa faces anteriorly, tilted 30° to 45° from the frontal plane; significantly affects shoulder movement.
Scapula is tipped 10° to 20° in the sagittal plane, with the superior aspect more anterior than the inferior angle.

Clavicle Characteristics

S-shaped and slightly elevated at 20° to the frontal plane, acts as a lateral strut to enhance glenohumeral mobility.
Ends of the clavicle: convex at the sternal end, concave at the acromial end; contributes to shoulder range of motion.

Humeral Head Positioning

Positioned medially and superiorly in the frontal plane, with a posterior rotation in the transverse plane.

Movements of the Shoulder Girdle

Elevation: Scapula slides upward; clavicle elevates about 60° at the SC joint.
Depression: Scapula moves downward; minimal range (5° to 10°) from seated position.
Protraction (Scapular Abduction): Scapula moves anteriorly; lateral border extends 5-6 inches (13-15 cm) from the midline.
Retraction (Scapular Adduction): Scapula moves posteriorly towards the midline.

Joint Types in the Shoulder Girdle

True Joints:
- Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint: Connects upper extremity with the axial skeleton; has 3 degrees of freedom.
- Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint: 3 degrees of freedom, facilitating shoulder mobility.
- Glenohumeral (GH) Joint: Major ball-and-socket joint providing extensive range of motion.
False/ Pseudo Joint:
- Scapulothoracic Joint: Lacks bony articulation; relies on soft tissue connections.

Sternoclavicular Joint Mechanics

Acts as a strut with elevation and depression movements occurring in the frontal plane.
Elevation: clavicle moves upward-backward (30-45°), limited by costoclavicular ligament and subclavius.
Depression: clavicle moves forward-downward (5-10°), limited by interclavicular and superior capsule ligaments.
Arthrokinematics involve the convex shape of the clavicle rolling and sliding; stability provided by ligaments.

Acromioclavicular Joint Mechanics

Plane joint allowing 3 degrees of freedom; medial face of acromial end helps accommodate arm movements.
Facilitates dynamic movement of the shoulder, enhancing function during activities requiring arm mobility.

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Description

Dive into the essential concepts of applied anatomy and kinesiology with this quiz focusing on cardinal planes and muscle activity. This quiz covers key topics like kinematics, kinetics, and the shoulder complex in detail. Perfect for students preparing for prelims in applied anatomy and kinesiology.

Applied Anatomy & Kinesiology LEC - Prelim Notes