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Questions and Answers
Which IV cannula color is specifically used for rapid blood transfusion?
What is the primary purpose of D5W in IV therapy?
Which IV cannula is most suitable for elderly patients with fragile veins?
Which component is NOT found in an infusion administration set?
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What size is the IV cannula typically used for large volume transfusions?
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Which blood type is considered a universal donor?
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What antigens are present in blood type AB?
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What does the Rh factor indicate in blood typing?
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Which blood type can receive blood from type A?
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Which of the following blood types has no antigens present?
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What screening is done for potential blood donors?
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Individuals with which blood type are termed universal receivers?
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Which of the following statements about blood donation is true?
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What is the primary use of whole blood?
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Which blood product is most effective for treating bleeding disorders?
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Which condition is characterized by fever, flank pain, and tachycardia during a transfusion?
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What is the maximum storage duration for fresh platelets before their effectiveness decreases?
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What are the signs and symptoms of a febrile reaction?
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What does fresh frozen plasma (FFP) primarily provide?
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What reaction might occur if blood is administered faster than a patient's circulation can accommodate?
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What symptom would indicate a possible allergic reaction during a blood transfusion?
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What is the primary purpose of a cuffed tracheostomy tube?
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What is not a common indication for needing a tracheostomy?
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What does the Hartmann's pouch procedure involve?
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What characterizes an ileostomy's fecal drainage?
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What is the function of the obturator in relation to a tracheostomy tube?
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What does a double-barrel ostomy involve?
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What is the main goal of the Hartmann's pouch procedure?
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Which of the following statements about primary end-to-end anastomosis is true?
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What is the primary purpose of administering intravenous therapy?
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Which type of IV fluid is characterized by large molecules that stay in the intravascular spaces longer?
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What is a significant consequence of administering large amounts of crystalloids?
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Which solution is classified as hypertonic?
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What effect does a hypotonic solution have on cells?
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What monitoring is essential for a patient receiving a hypotonic IV solution?
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Which of the following IV solutions has the same concentration as intracellular fluid?
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Why is it necessary for a nurse to teach clients regarding intravenous therapy?
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Study Notes
Intravenous Therapy Overview
- IV therapy delivers medications and fluids directly into the bloodstream through veins for rapid action.
- Indicated for clients unable to intake adequate fluids orally.
Purposes of IV Therapy
- Supplies fluids when oral intake is insufficient.
- Prevents electrolyte imbalances.
- Provides glucose essential for metabolism.
- Delivers water-soluble vitamins and medications.
- Establishes a lifeline for administering urgently needed medications.
IV Fluid Solutions
- Crystalloids: Small molecules (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic) affecting fluid shifts; can cause peripheral and pulmonary edema if over-administered.
- Colloids: Large molecules that remain in intravascular spaces longer, such as albumin and fresh frozen plasma; excessive amounts may lead to congestive heart failure.
Types of Crystalloids
- Hypertonic Solutions: Higher solute concentration, dehydrates cells (e.g., 5% saline); requires monitoring for fluid overload.
- Hypotonic Solutions: Lower solute concentration, hydrates cells (e.g., 0.45% saline); may decrease blood pressure.
- Isotonic Solutions: Same concentration as intracellular fluid; no fluid shifts (e.g., normal saline, lactated Ringer’s) used for fluid maintenance and blood loss.
IV Cannula Sizes and Uses
- Color-coded, varying sizes/gauges for specific clinical purposes:
- 14 G (Orange): Rapid blood transfusion, trauma.
- 16 G (Grey): Rapid fluid replacement.
- 18 G (Green): Blood transfusion, large volume infusions.
- 20 G (Pink): Medications, hydration.
- 22 G (Blue): Suitable for small veins.
- 24 G (Yellow): Fragile veins.
Infusion Administration Sets
- Comprises insertion spike, drip chamber, flow control valve, tubing with secondary port, and protective cap.
Blood Group and Transfusion Compatibility
- Blood types defined by antigens: A, B, AB, or O.
- Rh factor: Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
- Type O is universal donor; Type AB is universal receiver.
Blood Typing and Cross-Matching
- Blood typing determines blood group and Rh factor.
- Cross-matching identifies potential antigen-antibody interactions.
- Screening prevents exposure to blood-borne diseases (e.g., hepatitis, HIV).
Blood Products and Their Uses
- Whole Blood: For acute hemorrhage and blood volume replacement.
- Packed Red Blood Cells: Increases oxygen levels during surgeries/anemia.
- Platelets: For bleeding disorders and platelet deficiencies.
- Fresh Frozen Plasma: Provides clotting factors without the need for cross-matching.
- Albumin: Used as plasma expanders.
Transfusion Reactions
- Hemolysis: Incompatible blood; symptoms include fever, flank pain, reddish urine.
- Febrile Reaction: Sensitivity to blood products; symptoms include fever and flushing.
- Allergic Reaction: Mild sensitivity; symptoms include flushing and urticaria.
- Circulatory Overload: Rapid blood transfusion; symptoms include dyspnea and crackles.
- Sepsis: Contaminated blood; symptoms include high fever and chills.
Urinary Catheterization Overview
- A curved tracheostomy tube is inserted into the stoma to reach the trachea.
Tracheostomy Components
- Outer Cannula: Inserted into the trachea, secured against the neck.
- Obturator: A tool for insertion, retained for emergency reinsertion.
- Cuffed Tubes: Inflatable cuff to prevent aspiration and seal air leakage.
Tracheostomy Care
- Patient positioned in semi-Fowler's position; use hydrogen peroxide and saline for cleaning. Suctioning may be employed as necessary.
Indications for Ostomy Creation
- Conditions include Inflammatory Bowel Disease, cancers, trauma, and birth defects.
- Not all bowel removals result in ostomy; primary end-to-end anastomosis is possible.
Types of Ostomies
- Hartman's Pouch: One stoma with the non-functional bowel sealed.
- Double-Barrel Ostomy: Two stomas, one for effluent, one for mucus secretion.
Ostomy Characteristics and Management
- Ileostomy: Produces liquid drainage with digestive enzymes that can irritate skin; minimal odor due to fewer bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of intravenous therapy, including the administration of IV medications and fluids directly into the bloodstream. Understand the critical roles of nurses in managing IV therapy and the importance of teaching patients about this method of treatment, especially when oral intake is limited.
