Intracellular Signaling and Cell Membrane

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Which class of enzyme-coupled receptors is the most common?

Receptor tyrosine kinases (correct)

Phospholipase C

Ras

Gq

What activity does the receptor tyrosine kinase have?

GTP binding

Activation of Ras

Intrinsic enzyme activity (correct)

Phosphorylation

What happens when the receptor tyrosine kinase binds to a ligand?

It phosphorylates itself on specific residues

It dimerizes and activates a tyrosine kinase (correct)

It activates phospholipase C

It binds to GTP and activates Ras

What is the function of Ras in the signaling cascade?

It binds to GTP and activates Raf Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a ligand example for receptor tyrosine kinases?

Phospholipase C Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ligand in the signaling process of receptor tyrosine kinases?

It activates the receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

It cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate Signup and view all the answers

What does the activation of Ras lead to in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of Raf Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Raf in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

It activates MEK Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ligand in the dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases?

It brings two receptor monomers together Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is most commonly associated with RTK activation?

Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the key signaling mechanism that is key to insulin signaling?

PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is the second messenger in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

PIP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

Akt Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

Nitric oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule produced enzymatically by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOs) on L-arginine?

Nitric oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is produced from GTP by guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

cGMP Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is activated by elevations in cytosolic cGMP in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

protein kinase (usually PKG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of PKG activity in many cases in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

Smooth muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathway associated with RTK activation?

Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general model of intracellular signaling?

Signal amplification Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Production of second messengers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of downstream kinases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

Akt Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Raf in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of MEK Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

Nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of membrane receptors in intracellular signaling?

Detecting extracellular signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of effectors in intracellular signaling?

Activation of signaling cascades Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the concentration of the first messenger (ligand) increases in intracellular signaling?

Binds to the cell membrane receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical process of signal termination in intracellular signaling?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What does the model of intracellular signaling offer?

A way to categorize signaling events Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell membrane receptor is described in the text?

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

Almost half of medications act on GPCRs Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)?

GPCRs have 3 protein subunits: α, β, γ Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein mechanism uses calcium and IP3 as second messenger systems?

Gq Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of Gs GPCR on adenylyl cyclase activity?

Gs GPCR stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cAMP binding to protein kinase A (PK A)?

cAMP activates PK A activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the concentration gradient for calcium between the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space?

1 – 3 mmol Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cytosolic calcium concentration if a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane is opened?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact on the membrane potential if sodium enters the cell?

It becomes more inside-positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact on the activation of certain membrane-associated proteins if the membrane becomes more inside-positive or more inside-negative?

It impacts the activation of certain membrane-associated proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Gq-alpha in the Gq GPCR signaling pathway?

It activates phospholipase C Signup and view all the answers

What is the ligand example for receptor tyrosine kinases?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is phosphorylated by the receptor tyrosine kinase in the signaling process?

Ras Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

Attaches an additional phosphate to PIP2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of Raf Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

Produces cGMP from GTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

Akt Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathway associated with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation?

Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is the second messenger in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

PIP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of PKG activity in many cases in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

Smooth muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Conversion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

NOs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Activation of Raf Signup and view all the answers

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

Akt Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the concentration of the first messenger (ligand) increases in intracellular signaling?

Increased cytosolic calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is most commonly associated with RTK activation?

Ras-Raf-MAP kinase pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

Production of cGMP Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is phosphorylated by the receptor tyrosine kinase in the signaling process?

Tyrosine residues Signup and view all the answers

Intracellular Signaling and Cell Membrane

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Questions and Answers

Which class of enzyme-coupled receptors is the most common?

What activity does the receptor tyrosine kinase have?

What happens when the receptor tyrosine kinase binds to a ligand?

What is the function of Ras in the signaling cascade?

Which of the following is NOT a ligand example for receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the role of the ligand in the signaling process of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What does the activation of Ras lead to in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the function of Raf in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the role of the ligand in the dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases?

Which pathway is most commonly associated with RTK activation?

What is the key signaling mechanism that is key to insulin signaling?

Which molecule is the second messenger in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

What is the molecule produced enzymatically by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOs) on L-arginine?

What molecule is produced from GTP by guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What molecule is activated by elevations in cytosolic cGMP in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What is the result of PKG activity in many cases in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What is the most common pathway associated with RTK activation?

Which of the following is a general model of intracellular signaling?

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the role of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the function of Raf in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

Which of the following is a key function of membrane receptors in intracellular signaling?

What is the role of effectors in intracellular signaling?

What happens when the concentration of the first messenger (ligand) increases in intracellular signaling?

What is the typical process of signal termination in intracellular signaling?

What does the model of intracellular signaling offer?

Which type of cell membrane receptor is described in the text?

Which of the following is true about G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

What is the structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)?

Which G-protein mechanism uses calcium and IP3 as second messenger systems?

What is the impact of Gs GPCR on adenylyl cyclase activity?

What is the result of cAMP binding to protein kinase A (PK A)?

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling?

According to the text, what is the concentration gradient for calcium between the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space?

What happens to the cytosolic calcium concentration if a channel that allows calcium to cross the cell membrane is opened?

What is the impact on the membrane potential if sodium enters the cell?

What is the impact on the activation of certain membrane-associated proteins if the membrane becomes more inside-positive or more inside-negative?

What is the function of Gq-alpha in the Gq GPCR signaling pathway?

What is the ligand example for receptor tyrosine kinases?

Which molecule is phosphorylated by the receptor tyrosine kinase in the signaling process?

What is the function of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the key role of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the function of guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the most common pathway associated with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation?

Which molecule is the second messenger in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What is the result of PKG activity in many cases in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What is the function of phospholipase C in the signaling pathway of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the key mediator that relaxes smooth muscle in a wide variety of blood vessels and visceral organs?

What is the function of Ras in the signaling cascade of receptor tyrosine kinases?

What is the effector molecule in the PI-3-Kinase (PI3K) → Akt system?

What happens when the concentration of the first messenger (ligand) increases in intracellular signaling?

Which pathway is most commonly associated with RTK activation?

What is the function of guanylyl cyclase (GC) in the nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathway?

What molecule is phosphorylated by the receptor tyrosine kinase in the signaling process?

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