Intestinal Gas and Cough Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which antihistamine is recommended for acute motion sickness in adults?

  • Diphenhydramine
  • Meclizine (correct)
  • Levocetirizine
  • Cetirizine

    • Which of the following is a key characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines compared to 1st generation?

  • They cause significant sedation.
  • They have minimal to no anticholinergic effects. (correct)
  • They cross the blood-brain barrier.
  • They require multiple daily doses.

    • What is the maximum daily dosage for Diphenhydramine in adults?

  • 300 mg (correct)
  • 400 mg
  • 500 mg
  • 200 mg

    • What is a common indication for Doxylamine?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is Fexofenadine indicated?

    <p>Seasonal allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are 1st generation antihistamines generally avoided in elderly patients?

    <p>Higher incidence of anticholinergic side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should Loratadine be dosed for adults?

    <p>Once daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic side effect of 1st generation antihistamines?

    <p>Blurry vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common dietary contributor to intestinal gas?

    <p>Rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of dextromethorphan as an OTC antitussive?

    <p>Suppresses the cough reflex in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically known to decrease mucus viscosity in the treatment of cough?

    <p>Guaifenesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should not be considered a reason for referral in cases of cough?

    <p>Mild occasional hacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a risk factor for increased intestinal gas production?

    <p>Carbonated beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mechanism of action of intranasal steroids like fluticasone for allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Reduce nasal inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of musculoskeletal pain, which of the following summarizes the role of capsaicin?

    <p>Depletes substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended lifestyle adjustment to reduce intestinal gas?

    <p>Eat slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose of ibuprofen for over-the-counter use in adults?

    <p>1200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action does acetaminophen primarily utilize?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of headaches is considered a primary headache?

    <p>Migraine headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the referral criterion for a patient with fever?

    <p>Fever lasting longer than 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following conditions is loperamide typically used?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is first-line treatment for mild to moderate tension headaches?

    <p>NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for referral in cases of fungal infections?

    <p>Chronic infections with systemic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pathophysiology of heartburn encompass?

    <p>Reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments may be used for severe acne?

    <p>Isotretinoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate dosing of ibuprofen for a child weighing 20 kg?

    <p>100-200 mg per dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nonpharmacologic approach is recommended for managing nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Regular hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from excessive acetaminophen use?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in managing dyspepsia?

    <p>Inhibit H+/K+ ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when alternating ibuprofen and acetaminophen in treatment?

    <p>Hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of diarrhea lasting less than 14 days classified as?

    <p>Acute Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of diarrhea lasting between 14 and 30 days classified as?

    <p>Persistent Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of diarrhea lasting more than 30 days classified as?

    <p>Chronic Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of diarrhea?

    <p>3 loose or watery stools per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for treating dehydration?

    <p>Oral hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is parenteral hydration recommended?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms warrant a referral to a healthcare professional?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line therapy for dehydration?

    <p>Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ORS is recommended for whom?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low-osmolarity ORS is safe for use in all age groups with any cause of diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products are not ideal for rehydration?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a 3-5% fluid loss?

    <p>Mild dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a fluid loss greater than 10%?

    <p>Severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rehydration volume for infants and children with mild to moderate dehydration?

    <p>50-100 mL/kg over 3-4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rehydration volume for adolescents and adults with mild to moderate dehydration?

    <p>2-4 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for severe dehydration?

    <p>IV isotonic crystalloid boluses as per current resuscitation guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done during maintenance hydration therapy?

    <p>Replace the fluid losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration should be evaluated in all ages, not just infants and children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are indicative of severe dehydration?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stool testing is recommended in specific cases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traveler's diarrhea lasting more than 14 days should be evaluated for what?

    <p>Intestinal parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended hydration strategy until symptoms abate?

    <p>Maintain increased hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations would warrant a referral to the ER?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If symptoms improve, it is not necessary to assess further treatment options.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is skin turgor assessment used for?

    <p>To determine level of dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the eyes in mild dehydration?

    <p>Normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the eyes in moderate dehydration?

    <p>Sunken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tear production in infants with mild dehydration?

    <p>Present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tear production in infants with moderate dehydration?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the urine output in mild dehydration?

    <p>Mildly reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the urine output in moderate dehydration?

    <p>Markedly reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ORS stand for?

    <p>Oral Rehydration Solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electrolyte discrepancy?

    <p>Difference in electrolyte levels between ORS and beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sodium content in CeraLyte ORS?

    <p>40 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of sodium content in apple juice?

    <p>100-150 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical osmolarity range of ORS?

    <p>200-250 mOSM/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of apple juice?

    <p>700 mOSM/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is loperamide?

    <p>OTC medication for acute diarrhea management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bismuth subsalicylate used for?

    <p>Diarrhea and gastric distress management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial loperamide dose for adults?

    <p>4 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the loperamide dose after each unformed stool for adults?

    <p>2 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loperamide dosing for children is standardized based on age and weight.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk is associated with bismuth subsalicylate in children?

    <p>Reye's Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bismuth subsalicylate can prevent traveler's diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should exercise caution when taking bismuth subsalicylate?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose of bismuth subsalicylate for gastric distress?

    <p>4200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bismuth subsalicylate dose for diarrhea treatment?

    <p>524 mg PO four times daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Probiotics may reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea duration in malnourished children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bismuth subsalicylate may affect blood glucose levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bismuth subsalicylate poses a risk of salicylate toxicity in patients with renal impairment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salicylates can interfere with medications used for gout.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components of ORS?

    <p>Sodium, potassium, and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of colas?

    <p>550 mOSM/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geriatric patients have an increased risk of salicylate toxicity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anti-motility medications are generally recommended for children under 18 with infectious diarrhea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnostic testing is routinely recommended for uncomplicated traveler's diarrhea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following beverages are inappropriate for ORS?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potassium content in chicken broth?

    <p>250 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the sodium content of Gatorade to ORS.

    <p>Gatorade has 61 mEq/L sodium, lower than ORS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended first-line treatment for allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Combined dual action antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue should be considered when prescribing oral antihistamines for patients with allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Worsening of dry eye syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of treating allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Control symptoms and minimize inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caution should be provided regarding combination ocular antihistamines/vasoconstrictors?

    <p>They may lead to rebound symptoms and reduced effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the use of artificial tears benefit patients using oral antihistamines for allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>They can help alleviate tear deficiency and reduce inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT characteristic of bacterial acute rhinosinusitis (ARS)?

    <p>Persistent cough for less than 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason antibiotics may not be necessary for treating bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>Most sinusitis cases improve with symptomatic management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'double-sickening' in the context of bacterial sinusitis?

    <p>Worsening symptoms after an initial improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended approach to managing bacterial sinusitis symptoms when antibiotics are not indicated?

    <p>Increased fluid intake and rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory markers are often elevated in cases of bacterial ARS indicating inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) in young patients?

    <p>2nd generation INCS may minimize systemic exposure and are preferred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important therapeutic effect of azelastine (Astepro) beyond its antihistaminic properties?

    <p>It acts as a mast cell stabilizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common local side effect reported by 2 to 10 percent of patients using intranasal sprays?

    <p>Nasal irritation or burning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of patients is budesonide (Rhinocort) particularly recommended for?

    <p>Pregnant patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which INCS are recommended to be used?

    <p>Less than 5 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a caution regarding formulations containing alcohol or propylene glycol in intranasal sprays?

    <p>They can cause increased nasal irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with longstanding untreated allergic rhinitis symptoms, what is notable about the maximal effect of intranasal corticosteroids?

    <p>It may take days or even weeks to achieve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the IgE mediated pathways does azelastine effectively mitigate?

    <p>Histamine release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is primarily recommended for patients with a clinical suspicion of pneumonia?

    <p>Chest X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a commonly recognized symptom of rhinosinusitis?

    <p>Thick nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition presents similarly to rhinosinusitis but is differentiated by the absence of inflammation in the sinuses?

    <p>Allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential treatment for malaise associated with viral upper respiratory symptoms?

    <p>Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might indicate that a patient's viral upper respiratory symptoms are not resolving?

    <p>Symptoms persisting beyond 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms predominates in the first three days of viral upper respiratory symptoms?

    <p>Sore throat and malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenarios is chest X-ray testing most appropriate?

    <p>Patients with suspected pneumonia and comorbid conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates allergic rhinitis from rhinosinusitis regarding relief methods?

    <p>Allergic rhinitis is treated using antihistamines, not antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration of use for intranasal decongestants to avoid rebound congestion?

    <p>5 consecutive days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oral second generation antihistamines has the lowest recommended daily dose?

    <p>Levocetirizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decongestant is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension?

    <p>Phenylephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with the use of second-generation antihistamines?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended dosage for Oxymetazoline in a 24-hour period?

    <p>2 doses every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oral antihistamine is dosed only once daily at a maximum of 120 mg?

    <p>Fexofenadine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration for the use of Benzedrex (Propylhexedrine)?

    <p>3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is found in combination menstruation products along with acetaminophen and caffeine?

    <p>Pyrilamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of azelastine as an H1-receptor antagonist?

    <p>Blocking the binding of histamine to H1-receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator besides histamine does azelastine inhibit that is related to allergic reactions?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential effect does azelastine have on eosinophils?

    <p>Inhibition of eosinophil activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about second generation antihistamines is correct?

    <p>They prevent histamine from binding to H1 receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of azelastine over oral first generation antihistamines?

    <p>Does not cause systemic anticholinergic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the mechanism of action for oral second generation antihistamines?

    <p>They compete with free histamine for binding at H1 receptor sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates azelastine from oral second generation antihistamines?

    <p>Azelastine inhibits histamine release from mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does azelastine potentially interfere with bronchospasm?

    <p>By inhibiting histamine-induced bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intestinal Gas

    • Intestinal gas arises from swallowed air or bacterial fermentation.
    • Symptoms include bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort.
    • Dietary triggers: beans, broccoli, onions, and dairy (lactose intolerance).
    • Medications that increase gas: antibiotics, α-glucosidase inhibitors.
    • Risk factors: high-fiber diets, carbonated drinks, and rapid eating.
    • Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments:
      • Simethicone: reduces gas bubble surface tension.
      • Alpha-galactosidase: aids in digesting complex carbs.
      • Lactase: aids lactose digestion.
    • Lifestyle adjustments: eat slowly, avoid chewing gum, reduce carbonated drinks.
    • Warning signs: persistent or severe symptoms, unintentional weight loss, or rectal bleeding.
    • Referral criteria: persistent or severe symptoms, unintentional weight loss, or rectal bleeding.

    Cough

    • Cough reflex: initiated by respiratory tract irritation, processed in the medulla oblongata.
    • OTC antitussives:
      • Codeine: suppresses the cough center in the medulla.
      • Dextromethorphan: non-opioid acting on the medulla.
    • Expectorants:
      • Guaifenesin: reduces mucus viscosity, facilitates expectoration.
    • Non-pharmacological therapies:
      • Honey: superior efficacy in children over 1 year old.
      • Hydration: maintains mucosal moisture.
    • Referral criteria: cough lasting >7 days, fever >100.4°F, or hemoptysis (coughing up blood).

    Allergic Rhinitis and Cold

    • Pathophysiology: allergen triggers histamine release and inflammation.
    • Symptoms: sneezing, nasal congestion, watery rhinorrhea.
    • Treatment:
      • Intranasal steroids (INCS): fluticasone reduces inflammation.
      • Oral antihistamines: loratadine and cetirizine block H1 receptors.
      • Decongestants: pseudoephedrine relieves nasal congestion.
      • First-line treatments may be INCS or oral 2nd generation antihistamines for moderate/severe symptoms.
    • Complementary therapies: zinc and vitamin C, variable efficacy.
    • Referral criteria: symptoms persisting >10 days or significant facial pain/swelling.

    Musculoskeletal Pain

    • Classification: acute (<12 weeks).
    • Pain mechanisms: localized inflammation or systemic conditions (e.g., arthritis).
    • Therapies:
      • Topical analgesics: capsaicin depletes substance P.
      • Oral analgesics: NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) inhibit COX enzymes.
      • Non-pharmacological: ice/heat therapy, physical therapy.
    • Referral criteria: severe or persistent pain, numbness, or signs of systemic illness.

    Fever

    • Definition: temperature >100.4°F due to pyrogen-induced hypothalamic set-point elevation.
    • Treatment goals: reduce discomfort, identify the cause.
    • Medications:
      • Acetaminophen: reduces prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS.
      • Ibuprofen: blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes for adults and children aged 6+ months.
    • Dosing: ibuprofen 5-10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours for children.
    • Referral criteria: fever >3 days, unresponsive to antipyretics, or >104°F.

    Headache

    • Types:
      • Primary: tension (bilateral pressure), migraine (unilateral throbbing, with/without aura), cluster.
      • Secondary: due to underlying pathology.
    • Management:
      • Non-pharmacological: stress reduction, sleep hygiene.
      • Pharmacologic:
        • NSAIDs for tension headaches.
        • Triptans for migraines.
    • Referral criteria: sudden-onset headache, signs of systemic illness.

    Fungal Infections

    • Common types: tinea pedis (feet), tinea corporis (body), tinea cruris (groin), tinea capitis (scalp).
    • Treatment: topical antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, clotrimazole).
    • Non-pharmacological: keep affected areas dry.
    • Referral criteria: chronic infections, systemic symptoms.

    Acne

    • Pathogenesis: follicular hyperkeratinization, increased sebum production, and inflammation.
    • Treatment:
      • Topical agents: benzoyl peroxide, retinoids.
      • Oral agents: isotretinoin for severe cases.
      • Non-pharmacological: gentle cleansing, avoid comedogenic products.
      • Counseling: adherence and side effect management.

    Nausea and Vomiting

    • Mechanisms: mediated by the vomiting center, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and vestibular system.
    • OTC antiemetics: diphenhydramine, meclizine (block H1 and muscarinic receptors).
    • Non-pharmacological: ginger, hydration.
    • Referral criteria: persistent vomiting, dehydration, or abdominal pain.

    Diarrhea

    • Etiology: infectious (e.g., E. coli) or non-infectious (e.g., IBS, medications).
    • Treatment: fluid replacement (e.g., oral rehydration solutions), antidiarrheals (e.g., loperamide, bismuth subsalicylate).
    • Referral criteria: bloody stools, fever, or severe dehydration.
    • Acute diarrhea: < 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: 14 to 30 days
    • Chronic diarrhea: > 30 days
    • Definition: 3 or more loose or watery stools per day
    • Preferred rehydration method: Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
    • Parenteral rehydration: Recommended only when oral route is not tolerated or for severe dehydration/sepsis
    • Referral indicators (for diarrhea): Persistent fever (above 101°F for >72 hours), bloody stool, recent travel, severe abdominal pain, sepsis signs, immunocompromised status, recent hospitalization, or antibiotic use.
    • First line therapy for dehydration: ORS (reduced osmolarity).
    • ORS use: Safe for infants, children, and adults with acute diarrhea.
    • Avoid: Apple juice, Gatorade, and commercial soft drinks for rehydration.
    • Mild dehydration symptoms: 3–5% fluid loss.
    • Moderate dehydration symptoms: loss of 6–9% of body fluids.
    • Severe dehydration symptoms: loss of over 10% bodily fluids.
    • Infant/child rehydration: 50–100 mL/kg over 3-4 hours (mild-moderate dehydration).
    • Adolescent/adult rehydration: 2-4 L (mild-moderate dehydration).
    • Severe dehydration treatment: intravenous isotonic crystalloids, following resuscitation guidelines.
    • Stool testing: Recommended for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, C. difficile, and STEC in specific cases.
    • Traveler's diarrhea evaluation: Should be evaluated for parasitic infections if lasting >14 days.
    • Loperamide dosing (adults): Initially 4 mg, then 2 mg after each loose stool (max 16mg/day for acute diarrhea)
    • Loperamide dosing (children): Dosage varies by weight/age, maximum 6 mg/day.
    • Bismuth subsalicylate: Useful for diarrhea and gastric distress.
    • Dosing (for gastric distress): 262-524 mg every 30 minutes, max of 4200mg/day
    • Dosing (for diarrhea): 524 mg PO four times daily until diarrhea subsides.
    • Avoid in children under 18 for infectious diarrhea

    Constipation

    • Definition: infrequent bowel movements (e.g., 7 days or less). Details of the condition are lacking from the provided text.

    Heartburn and Dyspepsia

    • Pathophysiology: reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus.
    • Treatment:
      • Antacids: neutralize stomach acid (e.g., calcium carbonate).
      • H2 blockers: reduce acid production (e.g., ranitidine).
      • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): inhibit H+/K+ ATPase (e.g., omeprazole).
      • Non-pharmacological: avoid trigger foods, smaller meals, and elevate head during sleep.
    • Referral criteria: symptoms persisting >2 weeks despite treatment.

    Ibuprofen Dosing

    • Mechanism: inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes reducing prostaglandin production, thus alleviating pain and inflammation.
    • Adult dosing: 200-400 mg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose is 1200mg.
    • Child dosing: 5-10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours. Maximum daily dose is 40 mg/kg.
    • Precautions: use with food or milk. Contraindicated for children under 6 months unless physician-approved; contraindicated with dehydration, renal impairment, or GI ulcer history.

    Acetaminophen Dosing

    • Mechanism: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system, but lacks peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.
    • Adult dosing: 325-1000 mg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose: 3000mg.
    • Child dosing: 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose: 75 mg/kg
    • Precautions: use with or without food. Avoid exceeding maximum dose and in combination with other acetaminophen products. Potential for hepatotoxicity with overdose.

    Antihistamines

    • 1st Generation: Sedating, readily cross blood-brain barrier, used for short-term relief and acute symptoms. Associated with anticholinergic effects.

    • 2nd Generation: Non-sedating, minimal CNS penetration, long duration of action, often preferred for long-term use for conditions like allergic rhinitis.

    • Generic Name | Brand Name | Indications | Dosing

    • ------ | -------- | -------- | -------- Diphenhydramine|Benadryl®|Allergies, motion sickness, nausea| Adults: 25-50 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 300 mg/day) Dimenhydrinate|Dramamine®|Motion sickness| Adults: 50-100 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 400 mg/day) Chlorpheniramine|Chlor-Trimeton®|Allergies|Adults: 4 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 24 mg/day) Meclizine|Dramamine® Less Drowsy|Motion sickness, vertigo| Adults: 25-50 mg 1 hour before travel (max 50 mg/day) Doxylamine|Unisom®|Allergies, insomnia| Adults: 25 mg at bedtime (as a sleep aid) Fexofenadine|Allegra®|Seasonal allergic rhinitis, urticaria| Adults: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily Loratadine|Claritin®|Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 10 mg once daily Cetirizine|Zyrtec®|Seasonal allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 10 mg once daily Levocetirizine|Xyzal®|Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 5 mg once daily

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    Heartburn, Dyspepsia & Intestinal Gas Quiz
    45 questions

    Heartburn, Dyspepsia & Intestinal Gas Quiz

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    GiftedOrangutan8535
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