Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which antihistamine is recommended for acute motion sickness in adults?
Which antihistamine is recommended for acute motion sickness in adults?
- Diphenhydramine
- Meclizine (correct)
- Levocetirizine
- Cetirizine
Which of the following is a key characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines compared to 1st generation?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines compared to 1st generation?
- They cause significant sedation.
- They have minimal to no anticholinergic effects. (correct)
- They cross the blood-brain barrier.
- They require multiple daily doses.
What is the maximum daily dosage for Diphenhydramine in adults?
What is the maximum daily dosage for Diphenhydramine in adults?
- 300 mg (correct)
- 400 mg
- 500 mg
- 200 mg
What is a common indication for Doxylamine?
What is a common indication for Doxylamine?
For which condition is Fexofenadine indicated?
For which condition is Fexofenadine indicated?
Why are 1st generation antihistamines generally avoided in elderly patients?
Why are 1st generation antihistamines generally avoided in elderly patients?
How often should Loratadine be dosed for adults?
How often should Loratadine be dosed for adults?
What is a characteristic side effect of 1st generation antihistamines?
What is a characteristic side effect of 1st generation antihistamines?
Which of the following is NOT a common dietary contributor to intestinal gas?
Which of the following is NOT a common dietary contributor to intestinal gas?
What is the primary action of dextromethorphan as an OTC antitussive?
What is the primary action of dextromethorphan as an OTC antitussive?
Which medication is specifically known to decrease mucus viscosity in the treatment of cough?
Which medication is specifically known to decrease mucus viscosity in the treatment of cough?
Which of the following should not be considered a reason for referral in cases of cough?
Which of the following should not be considered a reason for referral in cases of cough?
Which factor is considered a risk factor for increased intestinal gas production?
Which factor is considered a risk factor for increased intestinal gas production?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of intranasal steroids like fluticasone for allergic rhinitis?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of intranasal steroids like fluticasone for allergic rhinitis?
In the context of musculoskeletal pain, which of the following summarizes the role of capsaicin?
In the context of musculoskeletal pain, which of the following summarizes the role of capsaicin?
What is a recommended lifestyle adjustment to reduce intestinal gas?
What is a recommended lifestyle adjustment to reduce intestinal gas?
What is the maximum daily dose of ibuprofen for over-the-counter use in adults?
What is the maximum daily dose of ibuprofen for over-the-counter use in adults?
What mechanism of action does acetaminophen primarily utilize?
What mechanism of action does acetaminophen primarily utilize?
Which of the following types of headaches is considered a primary headache?
Which of the following types of headaches is considered a primary headache?
What is the referral criterion for a patient with fever?
What is the referral criterion for a patient with fever?
For which of the following conditions is loperamide typically used?
For which of the following conditions is loperamide typically used?
Which agent is first-line treatment for mild to moderate tension headaches?
Which agent is first-line treatment for mild to moderate tension headaches?
Which of the following is an indication for referral in cases of fungal infections?
Which of the following is an indication for referral in cases of fungal infections?
What does the pathophysiology of heartburn encompass?
What does the pathophysiology of heartburn encompass?
Which of the following treatments may be used for severe acne?
Which of the following treatments may be used for severe acne?
What is the appropriate dosing of ibuprofen for a child weighing 20 kg?
What is the appropriate dosing of ibuprofen for a child weighing 20 kg?
What nonpharmacologic approach is recommended for managing nausea and vomiting?
What nonpharmacologic approach is recommended for managing nausea and vomiting?
What complication can arise from excessive acetaminophen use?
What complication can arise from excessive acetaminophen use?
What is the purpose of using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in managing dyspepsia?
What is the purpose of using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in managing dyspepsia?
What should be monitored when alternating ibuprofen and acetaminophen in treatment?
What should be monitored when alternating ibuprofen and acetaminophen in treatment?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting less than 14 days classified as?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting less than 14 days classified as?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting between 14 and 30 days classified as?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting between 14 and 30 days classified as?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting more than 30 days classified as?
What is the duration of diarrhea lasting more than 30 days classified as?
What is the definition of diarrhea?
What is the definition of diarrhea?
What is the preferred method for treating dehydration?
What is the preferred method for treating dehydration?
When is parenteral hydration recommended?
When is parenteral hydration recommended?
Which of the following symptoms warrant a referral to a healthcare professional?
Which of the following symptoms warrant a referral to a healthcare professional?
What is the first-line therapy for dehydration?
What is the first-line therapy for dehydration?
ORS is recommended for whom?
ORS is recommended for whom?
Low-osmolarity ORS is safe for use in all age groups with any cause of diarrhea.
Low-osmolarity ORS is safe for use in all age groups with any cause of diarrhea.
Which of the following products are not ideal for rehydration?
Which of the following products are not ideal for rehydration?
Which of the following represents a 3-5% fluid loss?
Which of the following represents a 3-5% fluid loss?
Which of the following represents a fluid loss greater than 10%?
Which of the following represents a fluid loss greater than 10%?
What is the recommended rehydration volume for infants and children with mild to moderate dehydration?
What is the recommended rehydration volume for infants and children with mild to moderate dehydration?
What is the recommended rehydration volume for adolescents and adults with mild to moderate dehydration?
What is the recommended rehydration volume for adolescents and adults with mild to moderate dehydration?
What is the treatment for severe dehydration?
What is the treatment for severe dehydration?
What should be done during maintenance hydration therapy?
What should be done during maintenance hydration therapy?
Dehydration should be evaluated in all ages, not just infants and children.
Dehydration should be evaluated in all ages, not just infants and children.
Which of the following symptoms are indicative of severe dehydration?
Which of the following symptoms are indicative of severe dehydration?
What type of stool testing is recommended in specific cases?
What type of stool testing is recommended in specific cases?
Traveler's diarrhea lasting more than 14 days should be evaluated for what?
Traveler's diarrhea lasting more than 14 days should be evaluated for what?
What is the recommended hydration strategy until symptoms abate?
What is the recommended hydration strategy until symptoms abate?
Which of the following situations would warrant a referral to the ER?
Which of the following situations would warrant a referral to the ER?
If symptoms improve, it is not necessary to assess further treatment options.
If symptoms improve, it is not necessary to assess further treatment options.
What is skin turgor assessment used for?
What is skin turgor assessment used for?
What is the appearance of the eyes in mild dehydration?
What is the appearance of the eyes in mild dehydration?
What is the appearance of the eyes in moderate dehydration?
What is the appearance of the eyes in moderate dehydration?
What is the tear production in infants with mild dehydration?
What is the tear production in infants with mild dehydration?
What is the tear production in infants with moderate dehydration?
What is the tear production in infants with moderate dehydration?
What is the urine output in mild dehydration?
What is the urine output in mild dehydration?
What is the urine output in moderate dehydration?
What is the urine output in moderate dehydration?
What does ORS stand for?
What does ORS stand for?
What is an electrolyte discrepancy?
What is an electrolyte discrepancy?
What is the sodium content in CeraLyte ORS?
What is the sodium content in CeraLyte ORS?
What is the range of sodium content in apple juice?
What is the range of sodium content in apple juice?
What is the typical osmolarity range of ORS?
What is the typical osmolarity range of ORS?
What is the osmolarity of apple juice?
What is the osmolarity of apple juice?
What is loperamide?
What is loperamide?
What is bismuth subsalicylate used for?
What is bismuth subsalicylate used for?
What is the initial loperamide dose for adults?
What is the initial loperamide dose for adults?
What is the loperamide dose after each unformed stool for adults?
What is the loperamide dose after each unformed stool for adults?
Loperamide dosing for children is standardized based on age and weight.
Loperamide dosing for children is standardized based on age and weight.
What potential risk is associated with bismuth subsalicylate in children?
What potential risk is associated with bismuth subsalicylate in children?
Bismuth subsalicylate can prevent traveler's diarrhea.
Bismuth subsalicylate can prevent traveler's diarrhea.
Who should exercise caution when taking bismuth subsalicylate?
Who should exercise caution when taking bismuth subsalicylate?
What is the maximum daily dose of bismuth subsalicylate for gastric distress?
What is the maximum daily dose of bismuth subsalicylate for gastric distress?
What is the bismuth subsalicylate dose for diarrhea treatment?
What is the bismuth subsalicylate dose for diarrhea treatment?
Probiotics may reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea.
Probiotics may reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea.
Zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea duration in malnourished children.
Zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce diarrhea duration in malnourished children.
Bismuth subsalicylate may affect blood glucose levels.
Bismuth subsalicylate may affect blood glucose levels.
Bismuth subsalicylate poses a risk of salicylate toxicity in patients with renal impairment.
Bismuth subsalicylate poses a risk of salicylate toxicity in patients with renal impairment.
Salicylates can interfere with medications used for gout.
Salicylates can interfere with medications used for gout.
What are the key components of ORS?
What are the key components of ORS?
What is the osmolarity of colas?
What is the osmolarity of colas?
Geriatric patients have an increased risk of salicylate toxicity.
Geriatric patients have an increased risk of salicylate toxicity.
Anti-motility medications are generally recommended for children under 18 with infectious diarrhea.
Anti-motility medications are generally recommended for children under 18 with infectious diarrhea.
Diagnostic testing is routinely recommended for uncomplicated traveler's diarrhea.
Diagnostic testing is routinely recommended for uncomplicated traveler's diarrhea.
Which of the following beverages are inappropriate for ORS?
Which of the following beverages are inappropriate for ORS?
What is the potassium content in chicken broth?
What is the potassium content in chicken broth?
Compare the sodium content of Gatorade to ORS.
Compare the sodium content of Gatorade to ORS.
What is a recommended first-line treatment for allergic conjunctivitis?
What is a recommended first-line treatment for allergic conjunctivitis?
What potential issue should be considered when prescribing oral antihistamines for patients with allergic conjunctivitis?
What potential issue should be considered when prescribing oral antihistamines for patients with allergic conjunctivitis?
What is one of the primary goals of treating allergic conjunctivitis?
What is one of the primary goals of treating allergic conjunctivitis?
What caution should be provided regarding combination ocular antihistamines/vasoconstrictors?
What caution should be provided regarding combination ocular antihistamines/vasoconstrictors?
How can the use of artificial tears benefit patients using oral antihistamines for allergic conjunctivitis?
How can the use of artificial tears benefit patients using oral antihistamines for allergic conjunctivitis?
Which symptom is NOT characteristic of bacterial acute rhinosinusitis (ARS)?
Which symptom is NOT characteristic of bacterial acute rhinosinusitis (ARS)?
What is the main reason antibiotics may not be necessary for treating bacterial sinusitis?
What is the main reason antibiotics may not be necessary for treating bacterial sinusitis?
What is the definition of 'double-sickening' in the context of bacterial sinusitis?
What is the definition of 'double-sickening' in the context of bacterial sinusitis?
Which of the following is a recommended approach to managing bacterial sinusitis symptoms when antibiotics are not indicated?
Which of the following is a recommended approach to managing bacterial sinusitis symptoms when antibiotics are not indicated?
Which laboratory markers are often elevated in cases of bacterial ARS indicating inflammation?
Which laboratory markers are often elevated in cases of bacterial ARS indicating inflammation?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) in young patients?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) in young patients?
What is an important therapeutic effect of azelastine (Astepro) beyond its antihistaminic properties?
What is an important therapeutic effect of azelastine (Astepro) beyond its antihistaminic properties?
What is a common local side effect reported by 2 to 10 percent of patients using intranasal sprays?
What is a common local side effect reported by 2 to 10 percent of patients using intranasal sprays?
Which group of patients is budesonide (Rhinocort) particularly recommended for?
Which group of patients is budesonide (Rhinocort) particularly recommended for?
What is the duration for which INCS are recommended to be used?
What is the duration for which INCS are recommended to be used?
What is a caution regarding formulations containing alcohol or propylene glycol in intranasal sprays?
What is a caution regarding formulations containing alcohol or propylene glycol in intranasal sprays?
In patients with longstanding untreated allergic rhinitis symptoms, what is notable about the maximal effect of intranasal corticosteroids?
In patients with longstanding untreated allergic rhinitis symptoms, what is notable about the maximal effect of intranasal corticosteroids?
What component of the IgE mediated pathways does azelastine effectively mitigate?
What component of the IgE mediated pathways does azelastine effectively mitigate?
Which of the following tests is primarily recommended for patients with a clinical suspicion of pneumonia?
Which of the following tests is primarily recommended for patients with a clinical suspicion of pneumonia?
What is a commonly recognized symptom of rhinosinusitis?
What is a commonly recognized symptom of rhinosinusitis?
Which condition presents similarly to rhinosinusitis but is differentiated by the absence of inflammation in the sinuses?
Which condition presents similarly to rhinosinusitis but is differentiated by the absence of inflammation in the sinuses?
What is a potential treatment for malaise associated with viral upper respiratory symptoms?
What is a potential treatment for malaise associated with viral upper respiratory symptoms?
What symptom might indicate that a patient's viral upper respiratory symptoms are not resolving?
What symptom might indicate that a patient's viral upper respiratory symptoms are not resolving?
Which of the following symptoms predominates in the first three days of viral upper respiratory symptoms?
Which of the following symptoms predominates in the first three days of viral upper respiratory symptoms?
In which scenarios is chest X-ray testing most appropriate?
In which scenarios is chest X-ray testing most appropriate?
What differentiates allergic rhinitis from rhinosinusitis regarding relief methods?
What differentiates allergic rhinitis from rhinosinusitis regarding relief methods?
What is the maximum duration of use for intranasal decongestants to avoid rebound congestion?
What is the maximum duration of use for intranasal decongestants to avoid rebound congestion?
Which of the following oral second generation antihistamines has the lowest recommended daily dose?
Which of the following oral second generation antihistamines has the lowest recommended daily dose?
Which decongestant is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension?
Which decongestant is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with the use of second-generation antihistamines?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with the use of second-generation antihistamines?
What is the maximum recommended dosage for Oxymetazoline in a 24-hour period?
What is the maximum recommended dosage for Oxymetazoline in a 24-hour period?
Which oral antihistamine is dosed only once daily at a maximum of 120 mg?
Which oral antihistamine is dosed only once daily at a maximum of 120 mg?
What is the maximum duration for the use of Benzedrex (Propylhexedrine)?
What is the maximum duration for the use of Benzedrex (Propylhexedrine)?
Which medication is found in combination menstruation products along with acetaminophen and caffeine?
Which medication is found in combination menstruation products along with acetaminophen and caffeine?
What is the primary action of azelastine as an H1-receptor antagonist?
What is the primary action of azelastine as an H1-receptor antagonist?
Which mediator besides histamine does azelastine inhibit that is related to allergic reactions?
Which mediator besides histamine does azelastine inhibit that is related to allergic reactions?
What potential effect does azelastine have on eosinophils?
What potential effect does azelastine have on eosinophils?
Which of the following statements about second generation antihistamines is correct?
Which of the following statements about second generation antihistamines is correct?
What is one advantage of azelastine over oral first generation antihistamines?
What is one advantage of azelastine over oral first generation antihistamines?
Which statement best describes the mechanism of action for oral second generation antihistamines?
Which statement best describes the mechanism of action for oral second generation antihistamines?
What characteristic differentiates azelastine from oral second generation antihistamines?
What characteristic differentiates azelastine from oral second generation antihistamines?
How does azelastine potentially interfere with bronchospasm?
How does azelastine potentially interfere with bronchospasm?
Flashcards
Intestinal Gas
Intestinal Gas
Gas in the gut caused by swallowed air or bacterial fermentation, leading to bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort.
Dietary Contributors to Gas
Dietary Contributors to Gas
Foods like beans, broccoli, onions, and dairy (for lactose-intolerant individuals) are common culprits.
Cough Reflex
Cough Reflex
Triggered by irritation in the respiratory tract, it signals the medulla oblongata to expel irritants.
OTC Antitussives
OTC Antitussives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic Rhinitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intranasal Steroids for Allergic Rhinitis
Intranasal Steroids for Allergic Rhinitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Musculoskeletal Pain
Musculoskeletal Pain
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pain Mechanisms in Musculoskeletal Pain
Pain Mechanisms in Musculoskeletal Pain
Signup and view all the flashcards
1st Generation Antihistamines
1st Generation Antihistamines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
Signup and view all the flashcards
2nd Generation Antihistamines
2nd Generation Antihistamines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fexofenadine (Allegra®)
Fexofenadine (Allegra®)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Duration of Action
Duration of Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anticholinergic Side Effects
Anticholinergic Side Effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
When to Use 1st Generation Antihistamines
When to Use 1st Generation Antihistamines
Signup and view all the flashcards
When to Use 2nd Generation Antihistamines
When to Use 2nd Generation Antihistamines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fever
Fever
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fever Treatment Goals
Fever Treatment Goals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acetaminophen Mechanism
Acetaminophen Mechanism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ibuprofen Mechanism
Ibuprofen Mechanism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ibuprofen Dosage for Children (6 months+)
Ibuprofen Dosage for Children (6 months+)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Headache Types
Headache Types
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tension Headache Management
Tension Headache Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Migraine Treatment
Migraine Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fungal Infections Common Types
Fungal Infections Common Types
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acne Pathogenesis
Acne Pathogenesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acne Treatment
Acne Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nausea and Vomiting Mechanisms
Nausea and Vomiting Mechanisms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diarrhea Etiology
Diarrhea Etiology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diarrhea Treatment
Diarrhea Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Constipation Definition
Constipation Definition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acute Diarrhea
Acute Diarrhea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Persistent Diarrhea
Persistent Diarrhea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chronic Diarrhea
Chronic Diarrhea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diarrhea Definition
Diarrhea Definition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Hydration
Oral Hydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parenteral Hydration
Parenteral Hydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms for Referral
Symptoms for Referral
Signup and view all the flashcards
First-Line Therapy for Dehydration
First-Line Therapy for Dehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
ORS for Mild to Moderate Dehydration
ORS for Mild to Moderate Dehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Low-Osmolarity ORS
Low-Osmolarity ORS
Signup and view all the flashcards
Products Not Ideal for Rehydration
Products Not Ideal for Rehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mild Dehydration Symptoms
Mild Dehydration Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Moderate Dehydration Symptoms
Moderate Dehydration Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Severe Dehydration Symptoms
Severe Dehydration Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infants and Children Rehydration
Infants and Children Rehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adolescents and Adults Rehydration
Adolescents and Adults Rehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Severe Dehydration Treatment
Severe Dehydration Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Replacement of Losses
Replacement of Losses
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehydration Assessment
Dehydration Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms Indicative of Severe Dehydration
Symptoms Indicative of Severe Dehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stool Testing
Stool Testing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Traveler's Diarrhea Evaluation
Traveler's Diarrhea Evaluation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hydration Until Symptoms Abate
Hydration Until Symptoms Abate
Signup and view all the flashcards
Signs of Sepsis
Signs of Sepsis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptoms Improving
Symptoms Improving
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skin Turgor Assessment
Skin Turgor Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eyes Assessment
Eyes Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tears in Infants
Tears in Infants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urine Output in Dehydration
Urine Output in Dehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
ORS Composition
ORS Composition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common Beverages Osmolarity
Common Beverages Osmolarity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Caution in Geriatric Patients
Caution in Geriatric Patients
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infectious Diarrhea Guidelines
Infectious Diarrhea Guidelines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diagnostic Testing
Diagnostic Testing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beverages Not for Rehydration
Beverages Not for Rehydration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Electrolyte Levels in Beverages
Electrolyte Levels in Beverages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beverage Sodium Comparison
Beverage Sodium Comparison
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergic Conjunctivitis: What is it?
Allergic Conjunctivitis: What is it?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergic Conjunctivitis Management: First-Line Treatment
Allergic Conjunctivitis Management: First-Line Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Antihistamines for Conjunctivitis: Caution Needed
Oral Antihistamines for Conjunctivitis: Caution Needed
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergic Rhinitis: Why Control It?
Allergic Rhinitis: Why Control It?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Allergic Conjunctivitis: Goals of Treatment
Allergic Conjunctivitis: Goals of Treatment
Signup and view all the flashcards
INCS for Allergic Rhinitis
INCS for Allergic Rhinitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second-Generation INCS: Preferred Choice
Second-Generation INCS: Preferred Choice
Signup and view all the flashcards
INCS: Time to See Results
INCS: Time to See Results
Signup and view all the flashcards
INCS: Potential Side Effects
INCS: Potential Side Effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
Azelastine: The Only OTC INAH
Azelastine: The Only OTC INAH
Signup and view all the flashcards
INAH: Beyond Antihistamine
INAH: Beyond Antihistamine
Signup and view all the flashcards
INAH: Similar to INCS
INAH: Similar to INCS
Signup and view all the flashcards
Budesonide (Rhinocort): Preferred in Pregnancy
Budesonide (Rhinocort): Preferred in Pregnancy
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the tests typically used to diagnose a sore throat?
What are the tests typically used to diagnose a sore throat?
Signup and view all the flashcards
When is a chest X-ray indicated for a sore throat?
When is a chest X-ray indicated for a sore throat?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the symptoms of rhinosinusitis?
What are the symptoms of rhinosinusitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does allergic rhinitis differ from rhinosinusitis?
How does allergic rhinitis differ from rhinosinusitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the typical symptoms of a sore throat in the first few days?
What are the typical symptoms of a sore throat in the first few days?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the typical symptoms of a sore throat in the following days?
What are the typical symptoms of a sore throat in the following days?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are some treatments for a sore throat?
What are some treatments for a sore throat?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are some common symptoms of a sore throat ?
What are some common symptoms of a sore throat ?
Signup and view all the flashcards
H1-receptor Antagonists
H1-receptor Antagonists
Signup and view all the flashcards
Azelastine's Actions
Azelastine's Actions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second Generation Antihistamines
Second Generation Antihistamines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Competitive Antagonism
Competitive Antagonism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levocetirizine (Xyzal®)
Levocetirizine (Xyzal®)
Signup and view all the flashcards
LoraÂtadine (Claritin®)
LoraÂtadine (Claritin®)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial ARS Symptoms
Bacterial ARS Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Double-Sickening in ARS
Double-Sickening in ARS
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacterial Sinusitis Symptoms
Bacterial Sinusitis Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Treatment for Bacterial Sinusitis
Treatment for Bacterial Sinusitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antibiotics for Bacterial Sinusitis
Antibiotics for Bacterial Sinusitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
First-Generation Antihistamines: Sedation?
First-Generation Antihistamines: Sedation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second-Generation Antihistamines: Less Drowsy?
Second-Generation Antihistamines: Less Drowsy?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intranasal Decongestants: Rebound Congestion?
Intranasal Decongestants: Rebound Congestion?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Decongestants: Caution in Certain Patients?
Oral Decongestants: Caution in Certain Patients?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intranasal Corticosteroids (INCS): Superior to INAH?
Intranasal Corticosteroids (INCS): Superior to INAH?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Second-Generation INCS: Pregnancy Safety?
Second-Generation INCS: Pregnancy Safety?
Signup and view all the flashcards
INAH: More Than Just Antihistamine?
INAH: More Than Just Antihistamine?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Budesonide (Rhinocort): Pregnancy Preferred
Budesonide (Rhinocort): Pregnancy Preferred
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Intestinal Gas
- Intestinal gas arises from swallowed air or bacterial fermentation.
- Symptoms include bloating, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort.
- Dietary triggers: beans, broccoli, onions, and dairy (lactose intolerance).
- Medications that increase gas: antibiotics, α-glucosidase inhibitors.
- Risk factors: high-fiber diets, carbonated drinks, and rapid eating.
- Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments:
- Simethicone: reduces gas bubble surface tension.
- Alpha-galactosidase: aids in digesting complex carbs.
- Lactase: aids lactose digestion.
- Lifestyle adjustments: eat slowly, avoid chewing gum, reduce carbonated drinks.
- Warning signs: persistent or severe symptoms, unintentional weight loss, or rectal bleeding.
- Referral criteria: persistent or severe symptoms, unintentional weight loss, or rectal bleeding.
Cough
- Cough reflex: initiated by respiratory tract irritation, processed in the medulla oblongata.
- OTC antitussives:
- Codeine: suppresses the cough center in the medulla.
- Dextromethorphan: non-opioid acting on the medulla.
- Expectorants:
- Guaifenesin: reduces mucus viscosity, facilitates expectoration.
- Non-pharmacological therapies:
- Honey: superior efficacy in children over 1 year old.
- Hydration: maintains mucosal moisture.
- Referral criteria: cough lasting >7 days, fever >100.4°F, or hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
Allergic Rhinitis and Cold
- Pathophysiology: allergen triggers histamine release and inflammation.
- Symptoms: sneezing, nasal congestion, watery rhinorrhea.
- Treatment:
- Intranasal steroids (INCS): fluticasone reduces inflammation.
- Oral antihistamines: loratadine and cetirizine block H1 receptors.
- Decongestants: pseudoephedrine relieves nasal congestion.
- First-line treatments may be INCS or oral 2nd generation antihistamines for moderate/severe symptoms.
- Complementary therapies: zinc and vitamin C, variable efficacy.
- Referral criteria: symptoms persisting >10 days or significant facial pain/swelling.
Musculoskeletal Pain
- Classification: acute (<12 weeks).
- Pain mechanisms: localized inflammation or systemic conditions (e.g., arthritis).
- Therapies:
- Topical analgesics: capsaicin depletes substance P.
- Oral analgesics: NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) inhibit COX enzymes.
- Non-pharmacological: ice/heat therapy, physical therapy.
- Referral criteria: severe or persistent pain, numbness, or signs of systemic illness.
Fever
- Definition: temperature >100.4°F due to pyrogen-induced hypothalamic set-point elevation.
- Treatment goals: reduce discomfort, identify the cause.
- Medications:
- Acetaminophen: reduces prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS.
- Ibuprofen: blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes for adults and children aged 6+ months.
- Dosing: ibuprofen 5-10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours for children.
- Referral criteria: fever >3 days, unresponsive to antipyretics, or >104°F.
Headache
- Types:
- Primary: tension (bilateral pressure), migraine (unilateral throbbing, with/without aura), cluster.
- Secondary: due to underlying pathology.
- Management:
- Non-pharmacological: stress reduction, sleep hygiene.
- Pharmacologic:
- NSAIDs for tension headaches.
- Triptans for migraines.
- Referral criteria: sudden-onset headache, signs of systemic illness.
Fungal Infections
- Common types: tinea pedis (feet), tinea corporis (body), tinea cruris (groin), tinea capitis (scalp).
- Treatment: topical antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, clotrimazole).
- Non-pharmacological: keep affected areas dry.
- Referral criteria: chronic infections, systemic symptoms.
Acne
- Pathogenesis: follicular hyperkeratinization, increased sebum production, and inflammation.
- Treatment:
- Topical agents: benzoyl peroxide, retinoids.
- Oral agents: isotretinoin for severe cases.
- Non-pharmacological: gentle cleansing, avoid comedogenic products.
- Counseling: adherence and side effect management.
Nausea and Vomiting
- Mechanisms: mediated by the vomiting center, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and vestibular system.
- OTC antiemetics: diphenhydramine, meclizine (block H1 and muscarinic receptors).
- Non-pharmacological: ginger, hydration.
- Referral criteria: persistent vomiting, dehydration, or abdominal pain.
Diarrhea
- Etiology: infectious (e.g., E. coli) or non-infectious (e.g., IBS, medications).
- Treatment: fluid replacement (e.g., oral rehydration solutions), antidiarrheals (e.g., loperamide, bismuth subsalicylate).
- Referral criteria: bloody stools, fever, or severe dehydration.
- Acute diarrhea: < 14 days
- Persistent diarrhea: 14 to 30 days
- Chronic diarrhea: > 30 days
- Definition: 3 or more loose or watery stools per day
- Preferred rehydration method: Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
- Parenteral rehydration: Recommended only when oral route is not tolerated or for severe dehydration/sepsis
- Referral indicators (for diarrhea): Persistent fever (above 101°F for >72 hours), bloody stool, recent travel, severe abdominal pain, sepsis signs, immunocompromised status, recent hospitalization, or antibiotic use.
- First line therapy for dehydration: ORS (reduced osmolarity).
- ORS use: Safe for infants, children, and adults with acute diarrhea.
- Avoid: Apple juice, Gatorade, and commercial soft drinks for rehydration.
- Mild dehydration symptoms: 3–5% fluid loss.
- Moderate dehydration symptoms: loss of 6–9% of body fluids.
- Severe dehydration symptoms: loss of over 10% bodily fluids.
- Infant/child rehydration: 50–100 mL/kg over 3-4 hours (mild-moderate dehydration).
- Adolescent/adult rehydration: 2-4 L (mild-moderate dehydration).
- Severe dehydration treatment: intravenous isotonic crystalloids, following resuscitation guidelines.
- Stool testing: Recommended for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, C. difficile, and STEC in specific cases.
- Traveler's diarrhea evaluation: Should be evaluated for parasitic infections if lasting >14 days.
- Loperamide dosing (adults): Initially 4 mg, then 2 mg after each loose stool (max 16mg/day for acute diarrhea)
- Loperamide dosing (children): Dosage varies by weight/age, maximum 6 mg/day.
- Bismuth subsalicylate: Useful for diarrhea and gastric distress.
- Dosing (for gastric distress): 262-524 mg every 30 minutes, max of 4200mg/day
- Dosing (for diarrhea): 524 mg PO four times daily until diarrhea subsides.
- Avoid in children under 18 for infectious diarrhea
Constipation
- Definition: infrequent bowel movements (e.g., 7 days or less). Details of the condition are lacking from the provided text.
Heartburn and Dyspepsia
- Pathophysiology: reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus.
- Treatment:
- Antacids: neutralize stomach acid (e.g., calcium carbonate).
- H2 blockers: reduce acid production (e.g., ranitidine).
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): inhibit H+/K+ ATPase (e.g., omeprazole).
- Non-pharmacological: avoid trigger foods, smaller meals, and elevate head during sleep.
- Referral criteria: symptoms persisting >2 weeks despite treatment.
Ibuprofen Dosing
- Mechanism: inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes reducing prostaglandin production, thus alleviating pain and inflammation.
- Adult dosing: 200-400 mg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose is 1200mg.
- Child dosing: 5-10 mg/kg every 6-8 hours. Maximum daily dose is 40 mg/kg.
- Precautions: use with food or milk. Contraindicated for children under 6 months unless physician-approved; contraindicated with dehydration, renal impairment, or GI ulcer history.
Acetaminophen Dosing
- Mechanism: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system, but lacks peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.
- Adult dosing: 325-1000 mg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose: 3000mg.
- Child dosing: 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose: 75 mg/kg
- Precautions: use with or without food. Avoid exceeding maximum dose and in combination with other acetaminophen products. Potential for hepatotoxicity with overdose.
Antihistamines
-
1st Generation: Sedating, readily cross blood-brain barrier, used for short-term relief and acute symptoms. Associated with anticholinergic effects.
-
2nd Generation: Non-sedating, minimal CNS penetration, long duration of action, often preferred for long-term use for conditions like allergic rhinitis.
-
Generic Name | Brand Name | Indications | Dosing
-
------ | -------- | -------- | -------- Diphenhydramine|Benadryl®|Allergies, motion sickness, nausea| Adults: 25-50 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 300 mg/day) Dimenhydrinate|Dramamine®|Motion sickness| Adults: 50-100 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 400 mg/day) Chlorpheniramine|Chlor-Trimeton®|Allergies|Adults: 4 mg every 4-6 hrs (max 24 mg/day) Meclizine|Dramamine® Less Drowsy|Motion sickness, vertigo| Adults: 25-50 mg 1 hour before travel (max 50 mg/day) Doxylamine|Unisom®|Allergies, insomnia| Adults: 25 mg at bedtime (as a sleep aid) Fexofenadine|Allegra®|Seasonal allergic rhinitis, urticaria| Adults: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily Loratadine|Claritin®|Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 10 mg once daily Cetirizine|Zyrtec®|Seasonal allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 10 mg once daily Levocetirizine|Xyzal®|Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria| Adults: 5 mg once daily
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on intestinal gas and cough mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments. This quiz covers dietary triggers, medications, and OTC remedies for both conditions. Learn about lifestyle adjustments and when to seek medical advice.
