Questions and Answers
What are healthy relationships founded upon?
Recognizing our perceptual limits, constant striving to correct perceptual errors, and sincere effort invested in considering others' viewpoints.
What is perception?
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our senses.
What does selection refer to in the context of perception?
Focusing attention on certain senses.
What is salience in communication?
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What determines salience?
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Define organization in the context of perception.
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What is punctuation in relation to organization?
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What is interpretation?
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What are schemata?
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What are attributions?
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Match the following types of attributions:
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
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Describe the Actor-Observer Effect.
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What is the Self-Serving Bias?
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What is the Uncertainty Reduction Theory?
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What factors influence perception?
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What is empathy?
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What is world-mindedness?
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What is ethnocentrism?
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Study Notes
Healthy Relationships
- Built on awareness of perceptual limits and effort to appreciate differing viewpoints.
Perception
- Involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, determining reality.
Selection
- Involves choosing which sensory information to focus on.
Salience
- Refers to how noticeable and significant certain communications or aspects are, influenced by deviations from expectations.
Factors Influencing Salience
- Notable behavior diverging from norms and visually or audibly stimulating communication draws attention.
Organization
- Structuring selected information into coherent patterns for comprehension.
Punctuation
- Process of arranging selected information chronologically; can lead to conflicts if perceptions of events differ.
Interpretation
- The act of assigning meaning to information, influenced by personal experiences and knowledge.
Schemata
- Mental structures that guide our understanding and expectations of different concepts.
Attributions
- Explanations for others' behavior, addressing the reasoning behind their actions.
Types of Attributions
- Internal Attributions focus on individual traits, while External Attributions consider environmental factors.
Fundamental Attribution Error
- Incorrectly attributing others' behaviors to their personalities, overlooking environmental influences.
Actor-Observer Effect
- Individuals tend to attribute their own actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal causes.
Self-Serving Bias
- Involves crediting oneself for successes through internal attributions, often for ego protection.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
- Aims to minimize uncertainty about others in initial interactions by gathering information.
Reducing Uncertainty
- Achieved through different methods including passive observation, active inquiry, and direct interaction.
Key Influences on Perception
- Culture, Gender, and Personality play significant roles in how we perceive and evaluate interactions.
Cultural Perception
- Different cultural schemata lead to various interpretations of communication; cultural backgrounds influence perceived similarities or differences.
Ingroupers vs. Outgroupers
- Ingroupers share cultural commonalities, often favored, whereas outgroupers lack similarity which risks misunderstandings.
Gender Differences in Perception
- Men generally excel in spatial tasks and problem-solving while women are adept in language processing and emotional identification.
Communication and Gender
- Only 1% of communication behavior is attributed to gender differences, with cultural socialization affecting perceptions.
Personality
- Defined by consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting influenced by traits.
OCEAN Model
- Personality is measured by five traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Implicit Personality Theories
- Personal beliefs about personality traits and their relationships shape perceptions of others.
Interpersonal Impressions
- Initial mental images of others based on perceptions can be positive, neutral, or negative.
Gestalt Impressions
- Overall assessments of people formed quickly, often relying on easily discernible traits.
Pollyanna Effects
- The tendency to believe positive outcomes are more frequent than negative ones.
Negativity Effect
- People emphasize negative information about others, perceiving it as more insightful.
Halo and Horn Effects
- Positive or negative overall impressions influence interpretations of specific behaviors.
Algebraic Impressions
- Involve more careful evaluations, adapting perceptions as new information is introduced.
Stereotyping
- Simplistically categorizing individuals based on group characteristics, often leading to biased impressions.
Improving Perception
- Empathy, world-mindedness, and perception-checking are vital for better interpersonal understanding.
Empathy Framework
- Involves perspective-taking and empathic concern to connect with others' feelings.
World-Mindedness
- Acceptance and respect for cultural diversity, opposing ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism
- The belief in the superiority of one’s own culture, often hindering understanding of others.
Perception-Checking
- A process of verifying and correcting perceptions through specific steps that encourage clearer understanding.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of healthy relationships and perception in Interpersonal Communication through flashcards. This quiz focuses on understanding the complexities of how we perceive and interpret information in social interactions. Test your knowledge and improve your interpersonal skills with this interactive quiz.