Internet Structure: Network of Networks

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the Internet protocol stack is responsible for routing datagrams from source to destination?

  • Network (correct)
  • Application
  • Link
  • Transport

Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model allows applications to interpret the meaning of data, such as encryption and compression?

  • Transport
  • Presentation (correct)
  • Session
  • Internet

Which protocol is responsible for process-process data transfer in the Internet protocol stack?

  • TCP (correct)
  • FTP
  • HTTP
  • UDP

In the Internet stack, which layer is responsible for data transfer between neighboring network elements?

<p>Link (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model is responsible for synchronization, checkpointing, and data exchange recovery?

<p>Session (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of layering in airline functionality?

<p>To allow for identification and relationship of system components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of air travel, why is modularization through layering important?

<p>To ease maintenance and updating of the system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a layered reference model provide for complex systems?

<p>A structured approach to discussing system components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does layering help in dealing with complex systems?

<p>By making changes in one layer transparent to the rest of the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage provided by layering in airline functionality maintenance?

<p>Ensuring any change only impacts the specific layer being modified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is layering considered beneficial for complex systems?

<p>To make maintenance easier by isolating changes within each layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Internet structure, which type of ISPs connect directly to tier-1 ISPs and pay for their services?

<p>Tier-2 ISPs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ISPs sometimes peer directly with each other, bypassing tier-1 ISPs?

<p>Tier-3 ISPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of network is considered the last hop network, closest to end systems?

<p>Tier-3 ISPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which entities treat each other as equals with no charges in the Internet structure?

<p>Large content distributors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tier-2 networks sometimes do to bypass tier-1 ISPs?

<p>Peer directly with each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do packet passing occur in the Internet structure from source host to destination host?

<p>Through many networks along the way (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sending three packets towards a router?

<p>To test the path towards the destination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?

<p>The packet is lost or dropped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does throughput refer to in data communication?

<p>The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having Rs less than Rc in terms of throughput?

<p>Reduced average end-to-end throughput (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a sender measure the delay in data transmission?

<p>By calculating the time between sending a packet and receiving a reply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a packet that arrives at a full buffer?

<p>It is dropped or lost due to lack of space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end-end delay for a packet with size L transmitted at a rate of R bps?

<p>$2\frac{L}{R}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In packet-switching, what can lead to packet loss?

<p>Aggregating resource demand that exceeds available resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function in the network layer determines the source-destination route taken by packets?

<p>Routing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does circuit switching allocate for each 'call' between source and destination?

<p>'Pieces' of link bandwidth using frequency division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between packet switching and circuit switching in terms of network efficiency?

<p>Packet switching is more efficient in resource utilization by allowing more users to use the network. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of forwarding in the network layer?

<p>Moving packets from router's input to the appropriate output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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