Internet Structure: Network of Networks

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Which layer of the Internet protocol stack is responsible for routing datagrams from source to destination?

Network (correct)

Application

Link

Transport

Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model allows applications to interpret the meaning of data, such as encryption and compression?

Transport

Presentation (correct)

Session

Internet

Which protocol is responsible for process-process data transfer in the Internet protocol stack?

TCP (correct)

FTP

HTTP

UDP

In the Internet stack, which layer is responsible for data transfer between neighboring network elements?

Link Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model is responsible for synchronization, checkpointing, and data exchange recovery?

Session Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of layering in airline functionality?

To allow for identification and relationship of system components Signup and view all the answers

In the context of air travel, why is modularization through layering important?

To ease maintenance and updating of the system Signup and view all the answers

What does a layered reference model provide for complex systems?

A structured approach to discussing system components Signup and view all the answers

How does layering help in dealing with complex systems?

By making changes in one layer transparent to the rest of the system Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage provided by layering in airline functionality maintenance?

Ensuring any change only impacts the specific layer being modified Signup and view all the answers

Why is layering considered beneficial for complex systems?

To make maintenance easier by isolating changes within each layer Signup and view all the answers

In the Internet structure, which type of ISPs connect directly to tier-1 ISPs and pay for their services?

Tier-2 ISPs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ISPs sometimes peer directly with each other, bypassing tier-1 ISPs?

Tier-3 ISPs Signup and view all the answers

What kind of network is considered the last hop network, closest to end systems?

Tier-3 ISPs Signup and view all the answers

Which entities treat each other as equals with no charges in the Internet structure?

Large content distributors Signup and view all the answers

What do tier-2 networks sometimes do to bypass tier-1 ISPs?

Peer directly with each other Signup and view all the answers

How do packet passing occur in the Internet structure from source host to destination host?

Through many networks along the way Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sending three packets towards a router?

To test the path towards the destination Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?

The packet is lost or dropped Signup and view all the answers

What does throughput refer to in data communication?

The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having Rs less than Rc in terms of throughput?

Reduced average end-to-end throughput Signup and view all the answers

How does a sender measure the delay in data transmission?

By calculating the time between sending a packet and receiving a reply Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a packet that arrives at a full buffer?

It is dropped or lost due to lack of space Signup and view all the answers

What is the end-end delay for a packet with size L transmitted at a rate of R bps?

$2\frac{L}{R}$ Signup and view all the answers

In packet-switching, what can lead to packet loss?

Aggregating resource demand that exceeds available resources Signup and view all the answers

Which function in the network layer determines the source-destination route taken by packets?

Routing Signup and view all the answers

What does circuit switching allocate for each 'call' between source and destination?

'Pieces' of link bandwidth using frequency division Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between packet switching and circuit switching in terms of network efficiency?

Packet switching is more efficient in resource utilization by allowing more users to use the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of forwarding in the network layer?

Moving packets from router's input to the appropriate output Signup and view all the answers