29 Questions
Which layer of the Internet protocol stack is responsible for routing datagrams from source to destination?
Network
Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model allows applications to interpret the meaning of data, such as encryption and compression?
Presentation
Which protocol is responsible for process-process data transfer in the Internet protocol stack?
TCP
In the Internet stack, which layer is responsible for data transfer between neighboring network elements?
Link
Which layer of the ISO/OSI reference model is responsible for synchronization, checkpointing, and data exchange recovery?
Session
What is the purpose of layering in airline functionality?
To allow for identification and relationship of system components
In the context of air travel, why is modularization through layering important?
To ease maintenance and updating of the system
What does a layered reference model provide for complex systems?
A structured approach to discussing system components
How does layering help in dealing with complex systems?
By making changes in one layer transparent to the rest of the system
What is an advantage provided by layering in airline functionality maintenance?
Ensuring any change only impacts the specific layer being modified
Why is layering considered beneficial for complex systems?
To make maintenance easier by isolating changes within each layer
In the Internet structure, which type of ISPs connect directly to tier-1 ISPs and pay for their services?
Tier-2 ISPs
Which type of ISPs sometimes peer directly with each other, bypassing tier-1 ISPs?
Tier-3 ISPs
What kind of network is considered the last hop network, closest to end systems?
Tier-3 ISPs
Which entities treat each other as equals with no charges in the Internet structure?
Large content distributors
What do tier-2 networks sometimes do to bypass tier-1 ISPs?
Peer directly with each other
How do packet passing occur in the Internet structure from source host to destination host?
Through many networks along the way
What is the purpose of sending three packets towards a router?
To test the path towards the destination
What happens if a packet arrives at a full queue?
The packet is lost or dropped
What does throughput refer to in data communication?
The rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver
What is the consequence of having Rs less than Rc in terms of throughput?
Reduced average end-to-end throughput
How does a sender measure the delay in data transmission?
By calculating the time between sending a packet and receiving a reply
What happens to a packet that arrives at a full buffer?
It is dropped or lost due to lack of space
What is the end-end delay for a packet with size L transmitted at a rate of R bps?
$2\frac{L}{R}$
In packet-switching, what can lead to packet loss?
Aggregating resource demand that exceeds available resources
Which function in the network layer determines the source-destination route taken by packets?
Routing
What does circuit switching allocate for each 'call' between source and destination?
'Pieces' of link bandwidth using frequency division
What is the key difference between packet switching and circuit switching in terms of network efficiency?
Packet switching is more efficient in resource utilization by allowing more users to use the network.
What is the function of forwarding in the network layer?
Moving packets from router's input to the appropriate output
Learn about the hierarchical structure of the internet, with a small number of well-connected large networks at the center. Explore tier-1 commercial ISPs, large content distributors, and the concept of Internet exchange points (IXPs).
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