13 Questions
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) _______
Time divided into slots
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) _______
Frequencies divided into (narrow) frequency bands
Traceroute: program displays the route (path) from source to destination and measures the delay from source to each router along the end-end Internet path. _______
Packet-switching
Packet-switching: store-and-forward: packet-switching: hosts break application-layer messages into packets. each packet transmitted at full link capacity. link transmission rate is aka link capacity or link bandwidth. Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero propagation delay (more on delay shortly) Packet-switching: queueing delay, loss: packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link packets queue in router buffers _______
arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity: packet loss packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Packet delay: four sources 1. Transmission Delay (dtrans): Takes L/R seconds _______
Processing Delay (dproc): Check bit errors, determine output link
Queueing Delay (dqueue): _______
Propagation Delay (dprop)
Throughput: _______
Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from sender to receiver Link capacity (bandwidth) is meant for a specific link. )Throughput() بيقل الLoss( كل ما يحصل عندي أو كل ما يزيد ال
Packet-switching vs Circuit switching: _______
Circuit Switching
Compare Reserves channels _______
Not reserved
Channels reserve can’t be used by any other ongoing communication _______
Can be used by any other ongoing communication
Idle Resource _______
No waiting at the switches
Waiting at the switches if data rate is more than the link tx capacity _______
بيستنى
Internet structure: Network edge: hosts: clients and servers servers often in data centers Access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links Network core: interconnected routers network of networks Q-How to connect end systems to edge router. Residential access nets زي انك توصل األنترنت في بيتك Institutional access networks (school, company) أدخل ع الشبكة من خالل المكان أو المؤسسة Mobile access networks (Wi-Fi, 4G/5G) من خالل الموبايل Wireless Access Networks: via base station aka “access point” Physical Media: Media Physical Media Guided Media signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber coaxial Radio Media Unguided Media signals propagate freely, e.g., radio The Network Core: Q- How is data transmitted through net. Circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call. Packet switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”. Shared or Dedicated access among users. A dedicated internet connection حاجة مخصصة ليك انتا بس A shared cable internet connection أكتر من واحد بيستخدم السرعة أو االتصال Circuit switching: dedicated resources: no sharing خالص أتحجز circuit-like (guaranteed) performance.
Test your knowledge of internet structure and access networks, including the network edge, access networks, physical media, and the network core. Learn about connecting end systems to edge routers and different types of access networks such as residential, institutional, and mobile access networks.
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