International Relations Lecture Notes
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Questions and Answers

According to Mearsheimer, what is the defining feature of the international system?

The absence of effective central authority above states.

In the context of international relations, what does 'anarchy' actually refer to? (Do not use the word 'chaos.')

The absence of a world government.

What does Waltz suggest are the two options for states in an anarchic system?

  • Imperial Expansion and Colonialism
  • Political Reform and Social Change
  • Military Buildup and Alliances (correct)
  • Economic Domination and Diplomatic Negotiation

What is the core concept behind the 'security dilemma'?

<p>States take actions to defend themselves, but those actions are perceived as threats by other states, leading to an escalation of tensions and potentially even conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus under the 'relative gains problem'?

<p>States are more concerned about how their gains compare to other states' gains, even if it means foregoing potential absolute gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key variable that Waltz identifies as shaping international alliances and the risk of war?

<p>The distribution of power among states, or polarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mearsheimer, what is the primary goal of states in an anarchic system?

<p>To maximize their relative power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mearsheimer suggests that great powers are the sole actors in international politics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Wendt argue is the basis for the relationship between states in an anarchic system?

<p>The identities that states construct for themselves and each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wendt, what kind of identities are more likely to lead to peaceful and cooperative relations between states?

<p>Positive Identities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Wendt's interpretation of anarchy?

<p>It suggests that peaceful and cooperative relations are possible even in the absence of a world government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wendt, promoting a shared identity among states necessitates a world government.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core logic behind using reassurance in international conflict management?

<p>Reassuring words and actions can promote positive identification and break the cycle of fear that fuels the security dilemma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of a 'community of collective identity' affect the relationship between democracies?

<p>It leads to greater cooperation and influence for small allied democracies within the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The film Arrival features a scenario where aliens arrive at Earth in a peaceful manner.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key question that the film Arrival raises about the nature of anarchy?

<p>Can peaceful and cooperative relations be achieved even amidst the absence of a world government?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of 'Agent Halpern' in the film Arrival?

<p>He believes the aliens are manipulating humans to fight among themselves, reflecting a pessimistic view of international relations under anarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interpretations aligns most closely with the statement 'it is better to be Godzilla than Bambi'?

<p>Mearsheimer's interpretation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In your own words, briefly explain Wendt's view on the inevitability of conflict.

<p>Wendt argues that conflict is not predetermined, but rather, it depends on how actors interpret each other's actions in relation to their own identities and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of an effective central authority above states characterize?

<p>International anarchy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus for states when considering possible cooperation under anarchy?

<p>Relative gains compared to others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Waltz's theory, what is a consequence of the security dilemma?

<p>Heightened fear and mistrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What interpretation of anarchy suggests that states cannot rely on international rules and institutions?

<p>Self-help interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the distribution of power among states play in international relations?

<p>It determines international alliances and conflict risks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly arises from the focus on relative gains among states?

<p>Heightened rivalry and competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can cooperation be particularly difficult in an anarchic international system, even with defensive intentions?

<p>Misunderstanding of each other's intentions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by the belief that cooperation and institution-building become difficult due to insecurity?

<p>Defensive realism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of promoting positive identities in international relations?

<p>To enhance cooperative relations and community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the European community evolve after World War II between France and Germany?

<p>They replaced negative identification with positive identification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is most effective in promoting cooperation among states according to the concept of reassurance?

<p>De-escalation and self-restraint actions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of a 'community of collective identity' help small allies achieve in international politics?

<p>They can influence larger powers more effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of threat did President Ronald Reagan refer to as capable of uniting humanity?

<p>An alien threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do international institutions play in the development of identities?

<p>They promote the development of positive identities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remains a key factor in shaping identities in international politics?

<p>Domestic regime characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fear on international cooperation as described in the content?

<p>It significantly hinders cooperation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines international anarchy in the context of world politics?

<p>A lack of effective central authority above states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence if humans act on worst-case assumptions about alien intentions?

<p>They could mistakenly provoke a conflict with potentially friendly aliens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the impact of the international system on actors within it?

<p>The system shapes the identities and behaviors of actors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Wendt's view differ from that of realists regarding first contact with aliens?

<p>He believes that assumptions about being under attack are unwarranted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of operating within an anarchic international system?

<p>Unpredictable interactions among states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of international relations is mirrored in the human-alien interactions in Arrival?

<p>Diplomatic efforts as a means to ensure survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many interpretations of international anarchy are highlighted?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of actors is NOT mentioned as part of the international system?

<p>Global citizens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Wendt suggest about interactions between two actors encountering each other for the first time?

<p>Their initial decisions should be based on probabilities from interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Arrival, how is the concept of 'anarchy' reflected among states and in human interactions?

<p>It fosters competition and a lack of trust among nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which face of the international system is examined first in the course outline?

<p>Anarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to study the international system beyond just the individual actors?

<p>To understand the effects that are not evident from examining actors alone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a multipolar system in international relations?

<p>Three to five great powers with shifting alliances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interpretation of anarchy might apply to the relationships depicted in the film Arrival?

<p>A system where states act selfishly due to lack of trust. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the various conceptions of the international system suggest about its dynamics?

<p>They highlight the complexity and diversity of international interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary themes of Wendt's argument regarding conflict in international relations?

<p>Interactions can lead to cooperative relationships instead of conflict. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mearsheimer's interpretation, what is the primary outcome of anarchy in international politics?

<p>Aggression is encouraged among states seeking relative power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern during the first encounter with an alien civilization, according to Wendt?

<p>The need for comprehensive military preparedness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the notion of negative identities in international relations?

<p>States view themselves as superior to others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a unipolar system predict about global leadership?

<p>Dominance by one great power brings maximum certainty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do states respond to the rise and fall of great powers, according to Mearsheimer?

<p>They seek to maximize their relative power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a bipolar system?

<p>High certainty about the future among states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would Wendt argue about states' relations under anarchy?

<p>States can choose cooperative or competitive relations based on identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'it is better to be Godzilla than Bambi' imply in Mearsheimer's context?

<p>Strong states are more successful in surviving anarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the probabilities assigned to the potential actions of aliens according to the content?

<p>The gestures made by the aliens upon arrival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agent Halpern's perspective suggests that potential conflict may arise from what underlying condition?

<p>The leadership vacuum on Earth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Dr. Louise Banks counter in her discussion with Agent Halpern?

<p>The idea that aliens have shown any aggressive intent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does Agent Halpern mention to support his view on potential alien aggression?

<p>Anarchy in the international system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about human responses to aliens based on their initial gesture?

<p>The nature of the initial contact influences human perception of threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

International System

A collection of actors and interactions with incentives and expectations shaping identities and behaviors in international politics.

Anarchy

Absence of a central governing authority above states or other actors.

International Anarchy

Absence of a world government controlling interactions between actors in international politics.

Security Dilemma

A situation where actions taken by a state to enhance its security may, in turn, be seen as threats by other states leading to increased insecurity.

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Relative Gains

States prioritize their gains relative to other states when considering cooperation.

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Absolute Gains

States prioritize their gains irrespective of gains by other states when considering cooperation.

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Power Distribution (Polarity)

The distribution of power among states in the international system (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar).

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Unipolar System

One dominant great power.

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Bipolar System

Two dominant great powers.

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Multipolar System

Three or more dominant great powers.

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Interpretation 1 (of Anarchy)

Cooperation is hindered by anarchy due to self-interest and insecurity.

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Interpretation 2 (of Anarchy)

Anarchy creates opportunities for great powers to pursue aggression and maximize relative power.

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Interpretation 3 (of Anarchy)

Anarchy's effects depend on states' identities (competition or cooperation).

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Identities in International Politics

Understanding of oneself in relation to others – similarity and differences.

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Reassurance

Actions taken to reduce fear and mistrust, fostering cooperation.

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Cooperation Under Anarchy

The potential for cooperation among states in anarchic systems.

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Coronavirus as a Global Threat

A widely acknowledged example of a global crisis that forced cooperation or conflict depending on how states reacted.

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Sub-state Actors

Groups within a state that have influence on international politics, like ministries, regions, cities, or even businesses.

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Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

Groups of states that work together to achieve shared goals, like the United Nations or the European Union.

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Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Independent groups working on international issues without government control, like humanitarian aid organizations or environmental activists.

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Why study the international system?

Understanding the international system helps us explain why states behave in certain ways and why their actions can have unintended consequences.

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Three Interpretations of Anarchy

Anarchy can be interpreted in multiple ways: 1) It hinders cooperation due to self-interest and insecurity. 2) It allows powerful states to pursue aggression. 3) Its effects depend on how states choose to interact.

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Self-Help in International Politics

States relying on their own resources and capabilities for survival in a system lacking a central authority.

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Security Dilemma in Anarchy

When one state's efforts to enhance its security create insecurity for others by appearing threatening.

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Relative Gains in Cooperation

States prioritize their own gains compared to others even when cooperation is possible, leading to mistrust.

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Billiard Ball Model of IR

States are seen as independent entities interacting with each other through force and power, like billiard balls colliding.

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Why Domestic Politics Matters

Domestic politics of a state can influence its foreign policy, but anarchy makes this less crucial.

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Global Domination

The ability of one great power to exert control and influence over all other states in the international system.

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Regional Hegemony

A great power's dominance within its geographic region, aiming to control or influence neighboring states.

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Predator States

States that aggressively seek to increase their power and influence through military force or other means, often at the expense of others.

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Relative Power

The power a state possesses compared to other states in the international system, aiming to gain advantages over rivals.

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Anarchy's Effects on Cooperation

The absence of a world government creates challenges for cooperation among states, leading to uncertainty and potential conflicts due to self-interest and security concerns.

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Negative Identities

Perceptions of other states as fundamentally different or threatening, leading to mistrust and rivalry.

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Anarchy Creates Opportunities for Aggression

The absence of a world government gives powerful states opportunities to aggressively pursue their interests, as there's no higher authority to stop them.

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International Politics is Dominated by Great Powers

The actions and interactions of great powers often shape the course of international politics, influencing global events and shaping the security landscape.

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Positive Identities

When states view each other as similar and share common goals, leading to cooperation and community.

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How Identities Change

Identities are not fixed and can evolve through interactions and perceptions, influenced by actions and interpretations.

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Reassurance in International Relations

Actions and words used to reduce fear and mistrust between states, making cooperation more likely.

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Domestic Regime and International Cooperation

A state's internal political system influences its behavior in international relations.

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Anarchy in International Relations

The absence of a world government, meaning states are responsible for their own security and actions.

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Waltz's Interpretation of Anarchy

Anarchy inherently leads to competition and conflict due to states' self-interest and security concerns. Each state prioritizes its own survival and power relative to others.

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Mearsheimer's Interpretation of Anarchy

Anarchy creates opportunities for great powers to seek dominance and aggression. They aim to maximize their relative power and control regional or global influence.

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Wendt's Interpretation of Anarchy

Anarchy is not inherently a force for conflict. The nature of interactions between states determines whether they cooperate or compete. Identities and perceptions shape behavior.

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Arrival: A Case Study of Anarchy?

The film explores the challenges of communication and cooperation between humans and extraterrestrial beings in an anarchic setting. It suggests that identities and perceptions can influence how we respond to new threats and even shape our understanding of reality.

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Reassurance in International Politics

Actions taken by one state to alleviate the fears of others and build trust. This can involve communication, transparency, and commitment to peaceful intentions.

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The Inevitability of Conflict?

Wendt argues that conflict is not inevitable in anarchy. He emphasizes the role of interactions and identities in shaping state behavior. States can choose cooperation over conflict based on their perceptions and interests.

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What is Agent Halpern's concern about alien visitors?

Agent Halpern worries that aliens might be manipulating Earth's nations into conflict, aiming to weaken us by making us fight among ourselves.

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What does Agent Halpern mean by 'Anarchy' isn't the only way to understand the international system?

Agent Halpern suggests that the international system isn't just about chaos and lack of authority, there could be other structures at play, like dominance or hierarchy, which the aliens might be using.

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What's the potential threat from alien visitors?

The threat is not necessarily direct aggression, but potentially a strategy to sow discord and conflict between Earth's nations, weakening them from within.

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How does Dr. Banks respond to Agent Halpern's concerns?

Dr. Banks dismisses Agent Halpern's theory as lacking evidence, they haven't observed any alien actions to justify such a view.

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What does 'we come in peace' mean in the context of aliens?

It's not necessarily a genuine sign of peace, aliens might be using soothing language to gain trust and control, a possible tactic to achieve their goals.

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Study Notes

International Relations Lecture Notes

  • The course focuses on theoretical concepts and learning how to use them
  • Students should read the syllabus and attend all lectures
  • Students should complete assigned readings before each lecture. Do not save learning until just before the exam.

International Anarchy

  • Anarchy is the absence of effective central authority
  • International anarchy is the absence of an effective central authority to manage states and other actors.
  • International anarchy doesn't imply chaos; order and anarchy can coexist.
  • Mearsheimer (2001) said, "There is no government above governments."
  • The "billiard ball" model illustrates the interactions of states in the international system, analogous to billiard balls on a table.
  • There are three interpretations of international anarchy.

Interpretation 1: Anarchy Makes Cooperation Difficult

  • Waltz (1979) argues that states are insecure and rely on self-help to survive.
  • Two options are building arms or forming alliances.
  • Domestic politics and regime type are irrelevant to international politics.
  • Fear and mistrust lead to a security dilemma, hindering cooperation and institution-building.
  • States' focus is on their relative power compared to other states.
  • The number of great powers (polarity) influences international alliances and the risk of conflict.
  • Robert Jervis (1978) explains the security dilemma where defensive actions by one state can be viewed as offensive by another state, leading to increased insecurity and a downward spiral of conflict.
  • The relative gains problem suggests that states are more focused on how their gain compares to others gain than on their absolute gains or benefits

Interpretation 2: Anarchy Invites Aggression by Great Powers

  • Mearsheimer (2001) argues that anarchy encourages great power aggression.
  • All states seek to maximize their relative power.
  • International politics is dominated by great powers pursuing regional hegemony.
  • The rise and fall of great powers lead to instability and a higher likelihood of major war.

Interpretation 3: The Effect of Anarchy on Identities

  • Wendt (1992) argues that anarchy is not automatically self-help and insecurity. Instead, international relations between states depend on how states identify themselves in relationship to each other.
  • Negative identities—states seeing each other as dissimilar—lead to conflict.
  • Positive identities—states identifying similar values—promote cooperation.
  • Identities are created and modified through interactions and shared values.
  • Identities are shaped by actions and interactions between states and can change over time.

Reassurance and Identities in International Relations

  • Janice Gross Stein argues that reassurance—reassuring words and actions—can overcome fear and promote cooperation by making actors less fearful and focusing on shared interests.
  • Thomas Risse-Kappen (1995) suggests that democracies cooperate differently from each other, in contrast with simple anarchy interpretations describing powerful states dominating cooperation.
  • Historical cases show how small allies in a community of democracies can exert influence, owing to shared values.

"Aliens," Anarchy, and Cooperation

  • Interactions and responses to external threats can create cooperation when dealing with challenges perceived to threaten all of humanity.
  • President Reagan suggested that facing an alien threat would make cooperation among nations more likely and less resistant.

Coronavirus and Cooperation

  • The COVID-19 pandemic was treated as a shared human threat.
  • This prompted discussion whether cooperation was achieved and if differences between states made overcoming adversity in response to a shared threat difficult.
  • The difficulty of cooperating to address this threat could be attributed to international anarchy or other factors.

Film: Arrival (2016)

  • The film depicts a confrontation between humans and heptapods, alien beings with seven-legged creatures.
  • The film illustrates two intersecting anarchies—one between humans and another between states.
  • The film examines the intricacies of communication, understanding and cooperation, using scenarios with potential threats such as alien threats or external challenges to humankind.

Discussion Points

  • Which interpretation of anarchy best fits/explains the film Arrival?
  • Which aspects of the film align with Waltz/Mearsheimer/Wendt's interpretations?
  • Wendt's perspective on the possibility of conflict or cooperation when encountering an alien civilization that is unknown or potentially hostile.
  • Agent Halpern's perspective, which suggests that other actors or groups may provoke conflict.

Additional Notes

  • The lectures are highlighting examples of international relations to demonstrate the implications presented by different interpretations of anarchy theory.
  • Anarchy, is not the only way to understand the international system.

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Explore essential concepts in international relations, focusing on the significance of anarchy in the global system. This quiz delves into theoretical frameworks and their implications for state interactions. Understand the various interpretations of international anarchy and its impact on cooperation among nations.

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