International Relations - Interdependence
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What effect can states with authority over central nodes in international networks exert on others?

  • They can restrict access to resources and impose costs. (correct)
  • They lose power due to interdependence.
  • They can only gather information without consequences.
  • They have no significant influence over global economic networks.

    • What is a potential downside of interdependence for traditional powers?

  • Increased risk of exploitation through cyber attacks. (correct)
  • Decreased vulnerability to cyber interventions.
  • Increased collaboration with less connected states.
  • Enhanced economic resources due to cooperation.

    • Which statement best describes the implications of weaponized interdependence?

  • It relies solely on traditional diplomacy.
  • It diminishes the relevance of economic networks in global politics.
  • It is a purely military strategy using conventional forces.
  • It offers states a new source of power through economic leverage. (correct)

    • What is suggested by the 'chokepoint effect' in economic networks?

    <p>States in key economic positions can restrict flows to support their agendas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these alternatives illustrates a response by states to perceived vulnerabilities in a networked environment?

    <p>Increasing self-sufficiency for critical resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major shortcoming of the original interdependence theory in the context of the 21st century?

    <p>It fails to account for globalized interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of the new interdependence approaches the conflicts caused by the development of global rules?

    <p>Rule overlap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do non-state actors play in the context of the new interdependence?

    <p>They engage in negotiations and advocacy within overlapping jurisdictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the nature of institutions according to the new interdependence?

    <p>Institutions can be sources of asymmetric power dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the strategies employed by China in its contestation of institutions governing interdependence?

    <p>Creating new institutions less controlled by US and EU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the politics of globalization expanded to include, beyond just free trade and protectionism?

    <p>Contests regarding the distribution of economic and political benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are transnational alliances characterized in the new interdependence model?

    <p>They promote policy change in a collaborative manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the implications of power asymmetries in the institutions of globalization?

    <p>Only leading economies have a say in institutional governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of interdependence theory as presented by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye?

    <p>The reciprocal effects among states due to cross-border interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines interdependence as per interdependence theory 1.0?

    <p>A situation where states are affected by actions taken in other countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate consequence does interdependence bring to states and their citizens?

    <p>Reliance on decisions made by foreign actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes interdependence theory 2.0 from its predecessor?

    <p>A focus on the economic interdependencies that shape political relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept underscores the lack of a central authority in the international system according to the content?

    <p>Anarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does international hierarchy relate to interdependence?

    <p>It creates conditions for negotiation between unequal states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor is emphasized as shaping the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics?

    <p>Incentives and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the outcome of states pursuing interdependence?

    <p>Greater susceptibility to external crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best explains the role of capitalism in the context of interdependence?

    <p>It offers economic incentives fostering inter-state relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical characteristic of the international system as outlined?

    <p>Dynamic interaction among various actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does interdependence vary across relationships according to the content?

    <p>A may depend more on B than B depends on A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary motivations for international cooperation according to Keohane and Nye?

    <p>Exposure to external shocks and opportunities for joint gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What post-1977 observation regarding interdependence is noted in the content?

    <p>There is massive but uneven growth in cross-border integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Keohane and Nye, what aspect determines power in interdependent relationships?

    <p>The relative dependence of each state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key observation post-1977 regarding state responses to sanctions?

    <p>States seek self-reliance and diversify their supplies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the EU take in response to the Belarus government in 2021?

    <p>Reduced cross-border flows and imposed financial sanctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the EU's actions against Russia after the invasion of Ukraine in 2022?

    <p>Reduced supplies of energy from Russia to the EU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of interdependence suggest about states' responses to external shocks?

    <p>States become more vulnerable and seek to cooperate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method has seen a significant expansion as a tool of statecraft since 1977?

    <p>Sanctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does interdependence contribute to a backlash against globalization?

    <p>By leading to continued external shocks to domestic well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the shift from classical interdependence theory to new interdependence theory?

    <p>Analysis of coercive practices in economic transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential outcome of 'weaponized interdependence' in international relations?

    <p>It can lead to states leveraging economic ties for coercive purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have traditional powers responded to vulnerabilities created by interdependence according to the discussed concepts?

    <p>By developing alternative networks to reduce dependency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the coercive aspects of new interdependence from earlier models?

    <p>The acknowledgment of... and utilization of economic vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following captures a key implication of weaponized interdependence for economic networks?

    <p>Certain states can control and manipulate economic information flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary limitation of the original interdependence theory in understanding modern globalization?

    <p>It does not address the involvement of non-state actors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of the new interdependence theory emphasizes the conflicts arising from overlapping global and national regulations?

    <p>Rule overlap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do institutions play in the context of the new interdependence theory?

    <p>They function as sources of asymmetric power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy involves placing personnel in leadership roles within existing institutions as a way to influence policy?

    <p>Leadership co-optation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement most accurately reflects the nature of globalization politics as described?

    <p>It encompasses broader struggles including distribution of economic benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the new interdependence theory addresses the cooperation among actors beyond nation-states?

    <p>Transnational alliances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of China’s dual strategy regarding global institutions?

    <p>Increased influence over legacy institutions and creation of parallel systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of power asymmetries in the institutions governing interdependence?

    <p>Some states can unduly influence institutional norms and rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does interdependence theory 1.0 primarily focus on?

    <p>Reciprocal effects resulting from cross-border interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key aspect differentiates interdependence theory 2.0 from interdependence theory 1.0?

    <p>Inclusion of non-state actors in international relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to interdependence theory 1.0, what is the immediate consequence of interdependence on states?

    <p>The well-being of a state depends on foreign actors' decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental concept is represented by international anarchy?

    <p>The absence of a central authority above states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these concepts is associated with the framework of international hierarchy?

    <p>Vertical relationships based on authority and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does interdependence affect a state's foreign policy according to interdependence theory?

    <p>Decisions by foreign actors significantly influence domestic policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical characteristic of interdependence theory as presented by Keohane and Nye?

    <p>It highlights mutual dependencies created through cross-border flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main criticisms of interdependence theory in contemporary analysis?

    <p>It does not account for the complexity of modern networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in interdependence theory underscores the vulnerability of states in a networked environment?

    <p>Weaponized interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does interdependence influence the dynamics of power between states?

    <p>The less-vulnerable state has more power in the relationship due to its ability to manipulate flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been one major post-1977 observation about international institutions?

    <p>There is increasing institutionalization in response to interdependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the backlash against globalization according to the observations post-1977?

    <p>The uneven growth due to cross-border integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do state strategies of self-reliance serve in the context of interdependence?

    <p>They reduce a state's vulnerability to external sanctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes how interdependence varies within relationships?

    <p>Dependence can differ significantly between the states involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What expectation do Keohane and Nye have regarding the impact of interdependence on state behavior?

    <p>States will be motivated to cooperate to maximize gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In light of interdependence, how have states adjusted their strategies to minimize risks?

    <p>By diversifying their sources of supply and building financial reserves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can be attributed to the extensive institutionalization stemming from interdependence post-1977?

    <p>Greater cross-border integration of economies and societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome results from the manipulation of cross-border flows by the less-vulnerable state?

    <p>Greater compliance to the less-vulnerable state's demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant trend observed regarding the use of sanctions since 1977?

    <p>There has been a massive expansion in the use of sanctions as statecraft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    International Relations - Interdependence

    • Interdependence is a set of incentives and expectations that shape the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics.
    • Four key concepts/faces include Anarchy, Hierarchy, Interdependence, and Capitalism.
    • Anarchy: the absence of effective central authority above states. This creates security dilemmas, as states might interpret each other's actions as aggressive or identify with opposing sides.
    • Hierarchy: Vertical relationships of authority and dominance, stemming from differences in coercive power, wealth, or social structures.
    • Interdependence: Reciprocal effects among states from cross-border flows of money, goods, people, and information. The well-being of a state is influenced by decisions in other countries. Interdependence varies across time, issue areas, regions, and relationships.
    • Capitalism: (not detailed in the provided text)

    Interdependence Theory

    • Keohane and Nye (1977) defined interdependence as reciprocal effects among states due to cross-border flows.
    • Immediate consequence: a state's well-being depends on decisions made in other countries
    • Interdependence varies over time, across issue areas, and across regions/relationships.
    • Interdependence motivates international cooperation by exposing states to external shocks and creating opportunities for joint gains.
    • States create international institutions to reduce risks and maximize gains.

    Observations Post-1977

    • Interdependence has led to a more interconnected and institutionalized world where cross-border integration of economies and societies is prominent (globalization).
    • Extensive international cooperation supports a rules-based global order.
    • Cross-border integration has been uneven in its growth.
    • External shocks disrupt domestic well-being (causing backlashes), leading to resistance against globalization and international institutions.

    Interdependence and the Power of States

    • State power is a function of relative dependence between states, where differences in costs associated with reduced or increased cross-border flows are impactful.
    • Vulnerable states may be manipulated to comply with the wishes of more powerful states.
    • States employ sanctions as tools of statecraft to impose costs.
    • States employ various strategies to insulate themselves from sanctions, including self-reliance, diversification of supply chains, and accumulation of financial reserves.

    2021 EU - Belarus

    • EU imposed financial sanctions on Belarus to counter election fraud and political repression leading to reduction in cross-border flows.
    • Belarus increased cross-border flows of migrants to reciprocally punish the EU.

    2022 EU - Russia, after Invasion of Ukraine

    • The EU reduced cross-border flows in response to the invasion by cutting energy purchases and investment technology in Russia.
    • Russia reduced cross-border flows by curtailing energy supplies to the EU.

    Interdependence Theory 2.0

    • The original interdependence theory remains relevant today, however, it is insufficient to explain the globalized world of the 21st century.

    The "New Interdependence"

    • Farrell and Newman (2016, 2019) describe a new form of interdependence; not just trade but a structure of overlapping jurisdictions.
    • Three dimensions:
    • Rule overlap: Global rules create classifications between national and global jurisdictions, which may conflict.
    • Transnational alliances: Globalization enables firms, citizens, and NGOs to promote policy change via transnational activism; this can influence policy on a global scale, often independent of specific countries' governments.
    • Power asymmetries: Institutions are not simply "rules of the game," but also sources of uneven power; some states exert more influence over institutions governing interdependence.
    • Global politics are now more contested over issues of free trade, protectionism, economic and political outcomes of globalization, and distributions of benefits.
    • Non-state actors have become crucial in world politics by influencing decisions and shaping policies.

    China's Contestation

    • China uses two strategies to shape interdependence:
    • Placing personnel in leadership positions in existing global institutions to influence policies.
    • Creating new, alternative institutions (e.g., the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, New Development Bank), less influenced by EU and US; these aim to diminish the power of existing structures.

    Weaponized Interdependence

    • Some actors in complex interconnected networks have strategically advantageous positions and the ability to weaponize interdependence.
    • Actors exploit those positions by gathering information ('panopticon effect'), restricting access to resources ('chokepoint effect'), and controlling processes to influence the actions of others.
    • Institutions, which commonly improve efficiency by reducing transactions costs, can also be deployed coercively.

    Implications

    • Interdependence creates a non-military source of power for interconnected states.
    • Interdependence can also create vulnerability, exposing traditional powers to cyber attacks or other forms of coercion; this could occur due to disruptions and conflicts between states.
    • States seek to reduce vulnerability through de-risking, diversification of supplies, and accumulation of financial reserves.
    • States might also develop alternative financial systems (e.g., BRICS currency) to lessen reliance on existing global structures.

    Examples of the New Interdependence

    • The EU vs Belarus (2021): EU use sanctions to curtail cross-border flows.
    • EU vs Russia (2022): sanctions and reduced energy supplies as cross-border flow disruption.
    • Potential for a BRICS currency: BRICS states creating an alternative currency to reduce reliance on the US-dominated financial system.

    Questions for Reflection

    • What are the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of interdependence?
    • How do the different theories of interdependence help to understand the dynamics and importance of today's globalized world?
    • What are the strengths and weaknesses of traditional concepts of the international system (anarchy, hierarchy)?
    • How do they help us understand the relationships between states?

    Future Topics

    • Capitalism (International system 4)

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    Description

    Explore the concept of interdependence in international relations and its implications for global politics. Delve into the key ideas of anarchy, hierarchy, interdependence, and capitalism as described by Keohane and Nye. Understand how these concepts shape the identities and behaviors of states in a complex world.

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