Podcast
Questions and Answers
What effect can states with authority over central nodes in international networks exert on others?
What effect can states with authority over central nodes in international networks exert on others?
- They can restrict access to resources and impose costs. (correct)
- They lose power due to interdependence.
- They can only gather information without consequences.
- They have no significant influence over global economic networks.
What is a potential downside of interdependence for traditional powers?
What is a potential downside of interdependence for traditional powers?
- Increased risk of exploitation through cyber attacks. (correct)
- Decreased vulnerability to cyber interventions.
- Increased collaboration with less connected states.
- Enhanced economic resources due to cooperation.
Which statement best describes the implications of weaponized interdependence?
Which statement best describes the implications of weaponized interdependence?
- It relies solely on traditional diplomacy.
- It diminishes the relevance of economic networks in global politics.
- It is a purely military strategy using conventional forces.
- It offers states a new source of power through economic leverage. (correct)
What is suggested by the 'chokepoint effect' in economic networks?
What is suggested by the 'chokepoint effect' in economic networks?
Which of these alternatives illustrates a response by states to perceived vulnerabilities in a networked environment?
Which of these alternatives illustrates a response by states to perceived vulnerabilities in a networked environment?
What is a major shortcoming of the original interdependence theory in the context of the 21st century?
What is a major shortcoming of the original interdependence theory in the context of the 21st century?
Which dimension of the new interdependence approaches the conflicts caused by the development of global rules?
Which dimension of the new interdependence approaches the conflicts caused by the development of global rules?
What role do non-state actors play in the context of the new interdependence?
What role do non-state actors play in the context of the new interdependence?
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of institutions according to the new interdependence?
Which of the following statements best describes the nature of institutions according to the new interdependence?
What is one of the strategies employed by China in its contestation of institutions governing interdependence?
What is one of the strategies employed by China in its contestation of institutions governing interdependence?
What has the politics of globalization expanded to include, beyond just free trade and protectionism?
What has the politics of globalization expanded to include, beyond just free trade and protectionism?
How are transnational alliances characterized in the new interdependence model?
How are transnational alliances characterized in the new interdependence model?
Which of the following best describes the implications of power asymmetries in the institutions of globalization?
Which of the following best describes the implications of power asymmetries in the institutions of globalization?
What is the primary focus of interdependence theory as presented by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye?
What is the primary focus of interdependence theory as presented by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye?
Which of the following best defines interdependence as per interdependence theory 1.0?
Which of the following best defines interdependence as per interdependence theory 1.0?
What immediate consequence does interdependence bring to states and their citizens?
What immediate consequence does interdependence bring to states and their citizens?
What distinguishes interdependence theory 2.0 from its predecessor?
What distinguishes interdependence theory 2.0 from its predecessor?
Which concept underscores the lack of a central authority in the international system according to the content?
Which concept underscores the lack of a central authority in the international system according to the content?
How does international hierarchy relate to interdependence?
How does international hierarchy relate to interdependence?
What key factor is emphasized as shaping the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics?
What key factor is emphasized as shaping the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics?
Which of the following best describes the outcome of states pursuing interdependence?
Which of the following best describes the outcome of states pursuing interdependence?
What best explains the role of capitalism in the context of interdependence?
What best explains the role of capitalism in the context of interdependence?
What is a critical characteristic of the international system as outlined?
What is a critical characteristic of the international system as outlined?
How does interdependence vary across relationships according to the content?
How does interdependence vary across relationships according to the content?
What is one of the primary motivations for international cooperation according to Keohane and Nye?
What is one of the primary motivations for international cooperation according to Keohane and Nye?
What post-1977 observation regarding interdependence is noted in the content?
What post-1977 observation regarding interdependence is noted in the content?
According to Keohane and Nye, what aspect determines power in interdependent relationships?
According to Keohane and Nye, what aspect determines power in interdependent relationships?
What was a key observation post-1977 regarding state responses to sanctions?
What was a key observation post-1977 regarding state responses to sanctions?
What action did the EU take in response to the Belarus government in 2021?
What action did the EU take in response to the Belarus government in 2021?
What was a consequence of the EU's actions against Russia after the invasion of Ukraine in 2022?
What was a consequence of the EU's actions against Russia after the invasion of Ukraine in 2022?
What does the concept of interdependence suggest about states' responses to external shocks?
What does the concept of interdependence suggest about states' responses to external shocks?
What method has seen a significant expansion as a tool of statecraft since 1977?
What method has seen a significant expansion as a tool of statecraft since 1977?
How does interdependence contribute to a backlash against globalization?
How does interdependence contribute to a backlash against globalization?
What characterizes the shift from classical interdependence theory to new interdependence theory?
What characterizes the shift from classical interdependence theory to new interdependence theory?
Which of the following describes a potential outcome of 'weaponized interdependence' in international relations?
Which of the following describes a potential outcome of 'weaponized interdependence' in international relations?
How have traditional powers responded to vulnerabilities created by interdependence according to the discussed concepts?
How have traditional powers responded to vulnerabilities created by interdependence according to the discussed concepts?
What distinguishes the coercive aspects of new interdependence from earlier models?
What distinguishes the coercive aspects of new interdependence from earlier models?
Which of the following captures a key implication of weaponized interdependence for economic networks?
Which of the following captures a key implication of weaponized interdependence for economic networks?
What is a primary limitation of the original interdependence theory in understanding modern globalization?
What is a primary limitation of the original interdependence theory in understanding modern globalization?
Which dimension of the new interdependence theory emphasizes the conflicts arising from overlapping global and national regulations?
Which dimension of the new interdependence theory emphasizes the conflicts arising from overlapping global and national regulations?
What role do institutions play in the context of the new interdependence theory?
What role do institutions play in the context of the new interdependence theory?
What strategy involves placing personnel in leadership roles within existing institutions as a way to influence policy?
What strategy involves placing personnel in leadership roles within existing institutions as a way to influence policy?
Which statement most accurately reflects the nature of globalization politics as described?
Which statement most accurately reflects the nature of globalization politics as described?
Which aspect of the new interdependence theory addresses the cooperation among actors beyond nation-states?
Which aspect of the new interdependence theory addresses the cooperation among actors beyond nation-states?
What is a common outcome of China’s dual strategy regarding global institutions?
What is a common outcome of China’s dual strategy regarding global institutions?
What is the implication of power asymmetries in the institutions governing interdependence?
What is the implication of power asymmetries in the institutions governing interdependence?
What does interdependence theory 1.0 primarily focus on?
What does interdependence theory 1.0 primarily focus on?
Which key aspect differentiates interdependence theory 2.0 from interdependence theory 1.0?
Which key aspect differentiates interdependence theory 2.0 from interdependence theory 1.0?
According to interdependence theory 1.0, what is the immediate consequence of interdependence on states?
According to interdependence theory 1.0, what is the immediate consequence of interdependence on states?
What fundamental concept is represented by international anarchy?
What fundamental concept is represented by international anarchy?
Which of these concepts is associated with the framework of international hierarchy?
Which of these concepts is associated with the framework of international hierarchy?
In what way does interdependence affect a state's foreign policy according to interdependence theory?
In what way does interdependence affect a state's foreign policy according to interdependence theory?
What is a critical characteristic of interdependence theory as presented by Keohane and Nye?
What is a critical characteristic of interdependence theory as presented by Keohane and Nye?
What is one of the main criticisms of interdependence theory in contemporary analysis?
What is one of the main criticisms of interdependence theory in contemporary analysis?
Which concept in interdependence theory underscores the vulnerability of states in a networked environment?
Which concept in interdependence theory underscores the vulnerability of states in a networked environment?
How does interdependence influence the dynamics of power between states?
How does interdependence influence the dynamics of power between states?
What has been one major post-1977 observation about international institutions?
What has been one major post-1977 observation about international institutions?
Which factor contributes to the backlash against globalization according to the observations post-1977?
Which factor contributes to the backlash against globalization according to the observations post-1977?
What role do state strategies of self-reliance serve in the context of interdependence?
What role do state strategies of self-reliance serve in the context of interdependence?
Which of these describes how interdependence varies within relationships?
Which of these describes how interdependence varies within relationships?
What expectation do Keohane and Nye have regarding the impact of interdependence on state behavior?
What expectation do Keohane and Nye have regarding the impact of interdependence on state behavior?
In light of interdependence, how have states adjusted their strategies to minimize risks?
In light of interdependence, how have states adjusted their strategies to minimize risks?
What phenomenon can be attributed to the extensive institutionalization stemming from interdependence post-1977?
What phenomenon can be attributed to the extensive institutionalization stemming from interdependence post-1977?
What outcome results from the manipulation of cross-border flows by the less-vulnerable state?
What outcome results from the manipulation of cross-border flows by the less-vulnerable state?
What has been a significant trend observed regarding the use of sanctions since 1977?
What has been a significant trend observed regarding the use of sanctions since 1977?
Flashcards
New Interdependence Theory
New Interdependence Theory
An updated theory of interdependence that considers globalization's impact on international relations, focusing on rule overlap, transnational alliances, and power asymmetries.
Rule Overlap
Rule Overlap
Conflict between national and global jurisdictions due to the development of global rules.
Transnational Alliances
Transnational Alliances
Groups like firms, citizens, and NGOs working together to push or change global policy.
Power Asymmetries
Power Asymmetries
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Contested Institutions
Contested Institutions
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Non-state actors
Non-state actors
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China's challenge to global institutions
China's challenge to global institutions
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Alternative Institutions
Alternative Institutions
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International System
International System
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Interdependence
Interdependence
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Interdependence Theory 1.0
Interdependence Theory 1.0
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International Anarchy
International Anarchy
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International Hierarchy
International Hierarchy
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Security Dilemma
Security Dilemma
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State's well-being
State's well-being
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Cross-border flows
Cross-border flows
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Capitalism
Capitalism
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Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
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Weaponized Interdependence
Weaponized Interdependence
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Network Positions
Network Positions
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Chokepoint Effect and Panopticon Effect
Chokepoint Effect and Panopticon Effect
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International Institutions (coercion)
International Institutions (coercion)
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De-risking
De-risking
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International Cooperation
International Cooperation
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External Shocks
External Shocks
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International Institutions
International Institutions
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Globalisation
Globalisation
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State Power (Interdependence)
State Power (Interdependence)
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Sanctions
Sanctions
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Self-reliance
Self-reliance
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Diversification of Supply
Diversification of Supply
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Financial Reserves
Financial Reserves
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Chokepoint Effect
Chokepoint Effect
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Panopticon Effect
Panopticon Effect
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BRICS Currency?
BRICS Currency?
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New Interdependence
New Interdependence
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Global Rule Overlap
Global Rule Overlap
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Power Asymmetries in Globalization
Power Asymmetries in Globalization
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Contested Globalization
Contested Globalization
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Alternative Global Institutions
Alternative Global Institutions
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Non-State Actors in Globalization
Non-State Actors in Globalization
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Interdependence and Cooperation
Interdependence and Cooperation
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Global Institutions
Global Institutions
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EU-Belarus Relations
EU-Belarus Relations
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EU-Russia Relations
EU-Russia Relations
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Study Notes
International Relations - Interdependence
- Interdependence is a set of incentives and expectations that shape the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics.
- Four key concepts/faces include Anarchy, Hierarchy, Interdependence, and Capitalism.
- Anarchy: the absence of effective central authority above states. This creates security dilemmas, as states might interpret each other's actions as aggressive or identify with opposing sides.
- Hierarchy: Vertical relationships of authority and dominance, stemming from differences in coercive power, wealth, or social structures.
- Interdependence: Reciprocal effects among states from cross-border flows of money, goods, people, and information. The well-being of a state is influenced by decisions in other countries. Interdependence varies across time, issue areas, regions, and relationships.
- Capitalism: (not detailed in the provided text)
Interdependence Theory
- Keohane and Nye (1977) defined interdependence as reciprocal effects among states due to cross-border flows.
- Immediate consequence: a state's well-being depends on decisions made in other countries
- Interdependence varies over time, across issue areas, and across regions/relationships.
- Interdependence motivates international cooperation by exposing states to external shocks and creating opportunities for joint gains.
- States create international institutions to reduce risks and maximize gains.
Observations Post-1977
- Interdependence has led to a more interconnected and institutionalized world where cross-border integration of economies and societies is prominent (globalization).
- Extensive international cooperation supports a rules-based global order.
- Cross-border integration has been uneven in its growth.
- External shocks disrupt domestic well-being (causing backlashes), leading to resistance against globalization and international institutions.
Interdependence and the Power of States
- State power is a function of relative dependence between states, where differences in costs associated with reduced or increased cross-border flows are impactful.
- Vulnerable states may be manipulated to comply with the wishes of more powerful states.
- States employ sanctions as tools of statecraft to impose costs.
- States employ various strategies to insulate themselves from sanctions, including self-reliance, diversification of supply chains, and accumulation of financial reserves.
2021 EU - Belarus
- EU imposed financial sanctions on Belarus to counter election fraud and political repression leading to reduction in cross-border flows.
- Belarus increased cross-border flows of migrants to reciprocally punish the EU.
2022 EU - Russia, after Invasion of Ukraine
- The EU reduced cross-border flows in response to the invasion by cutting energy purchases and investment technology in Russia.
- Russia reduced cross-border flows by curtailing energy supplies to the EU.
Interdependence Theory 2.0
- The original interdependence theory remains relevant today, however, it is insufficient to explain the globalized world of the 21st century.
The "New Interdependence"
- Farrell and Newman (2016, 2019) describe a new form of interdependence; not just trade but a structure of overlapping jurisdictions.
- Three dimensions:
- Rule overlap: Global rules create classifications between national and global jurisdictions, which may conflict.
- Transnational alliances: Globalization enables firms, citizens, and NGOs to promote policy change via transnational activism; this can influence policy on a global scale, often independent of specific countries' governments.
- Power asymmetries: Institutions are not simply "rules of the game," but also sources of uneven power; some states exert more influence over institutions governing interdependence.
- Global politics are now more contested over issues of free trade, protectionism, economic and political outcomes of globalization, and distributions of benefits.
- Non-state actors have become crucial in world politics by influencing decisions and shaping policies.
China's Contestation
- China uses two strategies to shape interdependence:
- Placing personnel in leadership positions in existing global institutions to influence policies.
- Creating new, alternative institutions (e.g., the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, New Development Bank), less influenced by EU and US; these aim to diminish the power of existing structures.
Weaponized Interdependence
- Some actors in complex interconnected networks have strategically advantageous positions and the ability to weaponize interdependence.
- Actors exploit those positions by gathering information ('panopticon effect'), restricting access to resources ('chokepoint effect'), and controlling processes to influence the actions of others.
- Institutions, which commonly improve efficiency by reducing transactions costs, can also be deployed coercively.
Implications
- Interdependence creates a non-military source of power for interconnected states.
- Interdependence can also create vulnerability, exposing traditional powers to cyber attacks or other forms of coercion; this could occur due to disruptions and conflicts between states.
- States seek to reduce vulnerability through de-risking, diversification of supplies, and accumulation of financial reserves.
- States might also develop alternative financial systems (e.g., BRICS currency) to lessen reliance on existing global structures.
Examples of the New Interdependence
- The EU vs Belarus (2021): EU use sanctions to curtail cross-border flows.
- EU vs Russia (2022): sanctions and reduced energy supplies as cross-border flow disruption.
- Potential for a BRICS currency: BRICS states creating an alternative currency to reduce reliance on the US-dominated financial system.
Questions for Reflection
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of interdependence?
- How do the different theories of interdependence help to understand the dynamics and importance of today's globalized world?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of traditional concepts of the international system (anarchy, hierarchy)?
- How do they help us understand the relationships between states?
Future Topics
- Capitalism (International system 4)
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Description
Explore the concept of interdependence in international relations and its implications for global politics. Delve into the key ideas of anarchy, hierarchy, interdependence, and capitalism as described by Keohane and Nye. Understand how these concepts shape the identities and behaviors of states in a complex world.
