51 Questions
Who prepared the series of articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts?
The International Law Commission (ILC)
When were the articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted by the International Law Commission?
May 2001
What is the status of the articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts in terms of a treaty?
They have not been developed into a treaty but are considered to reflect customary international law
According to Article 5 of the ILC articles, which conduct is attributable to the state?
Conduct of individuals and entities empowered to exercise governmental authority
In what context is Article 5 of the ILC articles relevant?
Privatization of military and police functions
Which entities' conduct does Article 5 of the ILC articles address in terms of state responsibility?
Individuals and entities empowered to exercise governmental authority
What is the origin of the idea that individuals possess certain rights through their own state?
Enlightenment era in the 18th century
How were the rights granted in the 19th century tied to individuals?
Tied to citizenship or a similar nexus to the state
What distinguishes the modern conception of human rights from the earlier rights granted by states?
Based on an understanding that certain rights are inherent in all individuals
What was a major concern of international law prior to the United Nations Charter?
Protection of soldiers and civilians during times of war
Which purpose has been one of the primary focuses of the United Nations since the experience of the Second World War?
Protection of human rights
According to Article 55 of the United Nations Charter, what is the United Nations committed to promoting?
Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
What legal obligation does Article 56 of the UN Charter place on its members?
To take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55
When was the UN Commission on Human Rights replaced by the UN Human Rights Council?
2006
Under whose sponsorship was the UN Commission on Human Rights created in 1946?
UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
What does Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibit?
The threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state
According to the prevailing view, what is the concept of force limited to?
Armed measures
Under what circumstances does the use of force on the basis of consent from a host state not violate Article 2(4) of the UN Charter?
When the force is based on consent (invitation) from a host state
Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto powers?
China, France, Russia, UK, United States
Which article of the UN Charter stipulates that member states agree to carry out the decisions of the Security Council?
Article 25
What type of measures does the UN Charter give the Security Council wide-ranging powers to enforce?
Coercive and non-coercive, binding and non-binding measures
What measures can the Security Council take under Article 41 of the UN Charter?
Non-forcible measures not involving the use of force
What was the most comprehensive sanctions regime imposed by the Security Council?
On Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in August 1990
Which of the following is an example of non-coercive measures under Article 41 of the UN Charter?
Complete or partial interruption of economic relations
What type of attack triggers the right to self-defence according to international law?
An armed attack of a certain intensity
What are the conditions that need to be met before resorting to self-defence?
The 'armed attack' must be of a certain intensity
What consequences must an 'armed attack' produce to trigger the right to self-defence?
Territorial invasions, human fatalities, or massive destruction of property
According to the text, what event led to the potential recognition of the right to self-defence against private actors by a state?
The 9/11 attacks
What condition did the UN Security Council's recognition of the US right to self-defence after the 9/11 attacks not depend on?
Establishing state attribution
What concept seemingly paved the way for the unable or unwilling doctrine in the context of self-defence against private actors?
The 9/11 attacks
What does jus in bello refer to?
The law of armed conflict
What does the law of armed conflict aim to achieve?
Offer sensible and balanced solutions considering military necessity and humanitarian sentiments
What does international law distinguish between in relation to the use of force by a state?
Jus ad bellum and jus in bello
What was the jurisdiction of the international tribunals set up in Nuremberg and Tokyo after the Second World War?
Crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes
What did the Nuremberg Trials conclude about the responsibility for crimes against international law?
Individuals who commit such crimes are responsible
What was the watershed moment for international criminal law according to the text?
The end of the Second World War
When did the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court conclude?
17 July 1998
Where did the International Criminal Court come into being?
The Hague
What was the purpose of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) convened in late 1995?
To take forward the creation of an International Criminal Court
What was the outcome of the five-week-long conference in Rome in 1998?
Adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
What was the primary purpose of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) convened in late 1995?
To advance the creation of an International Criminal Court
When did the International Criminal Court come into being?
1 July 2002
When did the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court come into being?
1 July 2002
What was the purpose of the Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) convened in late 1995?
To create the International Criminal Court
What was the outcome of the five-week-long conference in Rome in 1998?
Conclusion of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Which acts are defined as 'war crimes' according to the Rome Statute?
Torture, wilful killing, extensive destruction of property
Under what circumstances does the ICC have jurisdiction in respect of war crimes?
When committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes
What types of property destruction are considered 'war crimes' under the Rome Statute?
Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully
What does the 'crime of aggression' entail as per the most recent Rome Statute?
The planning, preparation, initiation or execution of an act of aggression by a person in control of a State's political or military action
What constitutes an 'act of aggression' according to the most recent Rome Statute?
The use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another State
When was the 'crime of aggression' defined as per the Rome Statute?
2010 Kampala Review Conference
Test your knowledge of the "Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts" with this quiz. Explore the rules and principles of international law related to state violations and their consequences.
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