International Hierarchy and System
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary criticism of hierarchical contracts as discussed in the analysis?

  • They create more powerful states.
  • They only benefit developing nations.
  • They provide no incentives to any state.
  • They undermine the principle of sovereign equality. (correct)

Which international body exemplifies differentiated responsibilities among sovereign states?

  • International Monetary Fund
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • United Nations Security Council (correct)
  • World Trade Organization

The idea of hierarchy being contested implies that subordinate actors can take which of the following actions?

  • Challenge the institutions that support existing hierarchies. (correct)
  • Increase their military capabilities.
  • Completely abolish all forms of hierarchy.
  • Always maintain passive resistance.

What role do NGOs play in the context of worldwide governance structures as mentioned in the analysis?

<p>They express concerns about existing institutional inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept reflects the idea that actors in the international system can assert their equality or superiority over others?

<p>Social Constructs of Hierarchy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of rising powers challenging existing hierarchies, what is a shared concern among these actors?

<p>Dissatisfaction with existing institutional inequalities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Siam and Vietnam respond to their interaction with Chinese dynasties, according to the analysis?

<p>They attempted to secure their equality and potential superiority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary goal of African diplomats and lawyers after liberation from colonialism?

<p>To create a new international legal order promoting global justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court mainly empower?

<p>The United Nations Security Council and powerful states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic strategy did the poor countries propose in the 1970s?

<p>A New International Economic Order mandating redistribution from North to South (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a key characteristic of the G20 compared to the G7?

<p>It has gained importance as a forum for both developed and developing economies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a limitation faced by the New International Economic Order?

<p>It was met with resistance from the North and divisions within the South. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the modern world system theory view the relationship between different countries?

<p>It posits a systematic hierarchy where countries are categorized as core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor influencing the willingness of 'the ruled' to cooperate with 'the rulers' in hierarchical systems?

<p>The perception of benefits from the hierarchical structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of hegemonic stability theory imply about global governance?

<p>A single dominant state is necessary for order and cooperation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge arises from the hierarchy established by the international legal order post-colonialism?

<p>It restricts the ability of subordinate actors to exit disadvantageous agreements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Japan's proposal regarding the League of Nations in 1919?

<p>Abolition of racial discrimination only for League members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hierarchy as voluntary contracts' imply in the context of international relations?

<p>States agree on different roles to achieve mutual interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario might a state cede authority according to the concept of international hierarchy?

<p>To achieve specific security or economic benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does authority play in hierarchical relationships between states?

<p>Subordinate states perceive dominant state commands as legitimate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best defines the relationship between compliance and enforcement in authority structures?

<p>Dominant states have the right to order changes in subordinate behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Japan's actions in the 1920s and 1930s reflect a racialized hierarchy?

<p>By justifying domination over East Asia through racial distinctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of global governance structures primarily focus on?

<p>Establishing authority relationships between states to manage order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of international relations does Modern World System Theory address?

<p>The economic and political inequalities between core and periphery states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the difference between legitimate and illegitimate authority relationships?

<p>Voluntary compliance versus coercive enforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is likely to benefit from import substitution industrialization (ISI) within a developing country context?

<p>Owners of capital involved in local manufacturing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the transition in political power after World War II regarding economic policy?

<p>Capital owners imposed protectionist (ISI) measures to safeguard their interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did land-owners initially support free trade despite ISI measures being adopted?

<p>Their agricultural products were more competitive on the global market (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic conditions after World War I primarily shift political power among classes?

<p>The emergence of a labor class created new political coalitions with capital owners (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying belief drove the need for a governmental 'Big Push' during industrialization efforts?

<p>Market-led growth would not address the inherent coordination problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason that sanctions may fail to achieve their intended goals?

<p>They can strengthen the resolve of the targeted nation's government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly complicates the effectiveness of sanctions on a target country?

<p>The absence of a unified response from the international community. (B), The ability of the target country to find new economic partners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is least likely to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions?

<p>Condoning informal trade avenues for humanitarian aid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason states might choose to impose sanctions?

<p>To demonstrate a commitment to international norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does interdependence affect the imposition of sanctions?

<p>It often makes sanctions less effective due to economic reliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the economic impact of sanctions on the sender country?

<p>Sanctions can lead to increased economic isolation for the sender. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial for assessing the long-term impact of sanctions?

<p>Shifts in public opinion within the target nation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of economic coercion as a foreign policy tool?

<p>Force another state to change policies or behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes unilateral economic sanctions from multilateral sanctions?

<p>Only one country enforces sanctions in unilateral sanctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of economic sanction involves restrictions on the flow of capital?

<p>Finance sanctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a state choose to impose aid sanctions?

<p>To incentivize behavioral change in the sanctioned state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do economic sanctions potentially affect the sender state's economy?

<p>They can harm the sender's economy due to trade losses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for states to impose trade sanctions on another state?

<p>To alter the political behavior of the targeted state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the 'Washington Consensus' in relation to economic policies?

<p>It advocates for liberal economic reforms and austerity measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of economic sanction might destabilize the value of a country's currency?

<p>Currency (Monetary) sanctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does economic interdependence have for the effectiveness of sanctions?

<p>It can diminish the effectiveness of sanctions due to mutual economic interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is export sanctions most likely to be implemented?

<p>To prevent critical resources from leaving the country (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is identified as capital-intensive and typically associated with import-competing activities?

<p>Manufacturing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political shift occurred after World War II that impacted economic policy in developing countries?

<p>Capital and labor ascended as political forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary motivation for land-owners to favor free trade in the context of import substitution industrialization?

<p>They have a comparative advantage in land-intensive production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the belief in the necessity of a 'Big Push' during industrialization manifest in government policies?

<p>By emphasizing the need for infrastructure development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic argument supports the idea that ISI may disadvantage land-owners in times of economic crisis?

<p>Under ISI, production shifts to capital-intensive manufacturing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the economic impact of global supply chains on individual workers in trade policy?

<p>Not all workers experience the same benefits from trade policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?

<p>Developing domestic manufacturing to replace previously imported goods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of factors is most likely to result in vertical Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

<p>Intangible assets and natural resource-based locational advantages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did many developing countries transition away from protectionism to a more liberal trade policy?

<p>In the mid-1980s to 1990s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the benefits of free trade?

<p>Free trade benefits consumers in all economic sectors equally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) is characterized by the production of simple consumer goods?

<p>Easy ISI. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might developing countries have adopted Import Substitution Industrialization in the late 1950s?

<p>To stimulate local production and reduce vulnerability to external markets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is primarily aimed at increasing a country's domestic production while reducing dependence on foreign goods?

<p>Import Substitution Industrialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant result of the IMF and World Bank's conditions on loans for countries in financial distress?

<p>Implementation of neo-liberal economic policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic challenge did Latin American and Sub-Saharan African countries encounter in the 1980s?

<p>Rising debt crises and trade imbalances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Economic coercion as a foreign policy tool primarily seeks to achieve which of the following?

<p>Alter policies or behavior of another state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common criticism of economic sanctions?

<p>They often create unintended humanitarian crises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates states to employ trade sanctions against another nation?

<p>To retaliate against unfair trade practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of economic sanction directly influences a state's currency value?

<p>Currency (Monetary) sanctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic policy is characterized by a focus on maintaining exports to generate foreign currency?

<p>Export Oriented Industrialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do leaders historically hesitate to transition from ISI to more productive economic policies?

<p>They fear political backlash from influential domestic sectors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes unilateral economic sanctions when compared to multilateral sanctions?

<p>They are imposed by one state independently of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hierarchical contracts in international relations

International agreements made by the global community, not just individual countries.

Differentiated responsibilities

Assigning different levels of responsibility for global issues to various countries.

Contested hierarchy

Subordinate actors actively challenge the power structures and dominant ideas of the existing hierarchy.

Strategies of contestation

Methods used by subordinate groups to challenge the dominant power structures, including challenging ideas, institutions, and accumulating resources.

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Challenging hierarchical ideas and discourse

Questioning and criticizing the justifications and beliefs that maintain inequality, such as racial/cultural distinctions.

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Challenging formal institutions

Actively opposing the organizations and structures that enforce hierarchy.

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International institutions' role in hierarchies

International organizations are sometimes seen as creating, justifying, or perpetuating global power imbalances but are also increasingly challenged.

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New International Economic Order (NIEO)

A proposal by developing countries in the 1970s to redistribute wealth from developed to developing nations, mandating changes to the global economic system.

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Global South

Countries in the developing world outside of the Global North (developed countries).

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International Criminal Court (ICC)

A permanent tribunal established by the international community to prosecute individuals for international crimes.

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Legal Hierarchy

The system of laws and legal principles that shapes international relations and governance.

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Racial Hierarchy

A system of power that creates and maintains a hierarchy based on race, historically exploiting and oppressing certain racial groups.

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Colonial Domination

The control or exploitation of a territory or people by another.

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Crimes against Humanity

Serious violations of international law against civilians.

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G20

A group of the 20 largest national economies in the world, focusing on international economic stability and development.

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Resistence to Change

Opposition/failure to adopt international changes that would benefit the Global South.

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Hierarchy as voluntary contracts

A perspective on international hierarchies where states willingly participate in arrangements based on mutual benefit, often involving the exchange of authority for security, economics, or political gain.

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International hierarchies

Structures of power where some states hold more authority than others, often based on agreed-upon roles and responsibilities.

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Authority in hierarchies

The rightful power and the legitimate exercise of power. A state's right to issue commands and obedience by others.

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Compliance and enforcement

The aspect of authority where the dominant state expects the subordinate state to follow commands and potentially face consequences for disobedience.

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Sovereignty

The right to govern oneself without external interference.

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1919 League of Nations' racial discrimination proposal

A proposal by Japan to the League of Nations for abolishing racial discrimination, but limited to League members, not all.

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Contested domination in hierarchies

The concept that power hierarchies are not always agreed-upon and can be an arena of struggle for dominance.

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David A. Lake

An influential figure in international relations theory, particularly regarding hierarchies and their functions.

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US defense umbrella

An example of how the US provides security and defense to other countries, expecting political support in return.

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Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

A development strategy where countries focus on producing goods previously imported, aiming to replace foreign products with domestically made ones.

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Export Oriented Industrialization (EOI)

A development strategy where countries focus on producing goods for export, aiming to increase foreign exchange earnings and create jobs.

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Easy ISI

The first stage of ISI, where countries produce simple consumer goods (e.g., clothing, furniture) for their domestic market.

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Secondary ISI

The second stage of ISI, where countries start producing more complex goods (e.g., electronics) for their domestic market.

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Why did countries shift away from ISI?

Countries shifted away from ISI because it often resulted in inefficient industries, high prices for consumers, and limited export opportunities.

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What is the link between ISI and EOI?

EOI effectively represents the next step after ISI, where countries utilize their manufacturing capabilities to produce goods for export.

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How do global supply chains complicate trade policy?

Global supply chains involve complex international networks, making trade policy decisions challenging because they affect different groups of workers and consumers in various ways.

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Land-Intensive Sector

An industry or sector that relies heavily on land resources for production, like agriculture. Needs more land than capital to produce goods.

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Capital-Intensive Sector

An industry or sector that needs a lot of investment in machinery, technology, and capital for production, like manufacturing. Needs more capital than land to produce goods.

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Export-Oriented Sector

An industry or sector that focuses on producing goods for sale in international markets. Think of companies exporting products abroad.

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Import-Competing Sector

An industry or sector that competes with imported goods in the domestic market. Think of local businesses offering similar products to ones imported from abroad.

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Washington Consensus

A set of economic policies promoted by institutions like the IMF and World Bank, advocating for free markets, privatization, and fiscal discipline. It became a dominant model for economic development in many countries.

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Economic Sanctions

A tool of foreign policy where a state uses economic power to influence another state's behavior or policies. It can involve trade restrictions, aid cuts, or financial penalties.

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Trade Sanctions

A type of economic sanction where a country restricts trade with another country, either by banning exports, imports, or both.

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Unilateral Sanctions

Trade sanctions imposed by a single country, often used to exert pressure on another country's policies or actions.

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Multilateral Sanctions

Trade sanctions imposed by multiple countries, often through international organizations, and intended to have a stronger impact on the target country.

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Aid Sanctions

Economic sanctions that involve withholding or withdrawing development aid as a form of pressure or punishment.

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Financial Sanctions

Economic sanctions that target a country's financial system, restricting access to loans, investments, or international financial markets.

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Currency Sanctions

Economic sanctions designed to disrupt a country's currency, potentially causing devaluation and economic instability.

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ISI Financing

States used marketing boards and sovereign borrowing to fund Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) policies. This involved government intervention to promote domestic production.

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Trade Imbalances and Debt

The ISI model often resulted in trade imbalances and increasing debt as countries imported more than they exported. This unsustainable situation led to economic crises.

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Debt Crises

In the 1980s, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa experienced debt crises due to their inability to repay loans. This triggered a shift in economic policy.

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IMF and World Bank Intervention

When facing debt crises, countries turned to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank for financial assistance. However, these loans came with conditions.

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The Washington Consensus

The set of economic policies that the IMF and World Bank imposed on countries receiving loans was known as the "Washington Consensus." It promoted free markets, privatization, and fiscal discipline.

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Economic Coercion

Economic coercion refers to the use of economic power by states to influence the policies and behaviors of other nations. This can involve sanctions or aid cuts.

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Study Notes

International Hierarchy

  • International hierarchy is a distribution of authority, placing some actors in dominant and subordinate positions.
  • Authority is the power and right to create rules and enforce obedience.
  • Hierarchy can exist between states, or involve non-state actors, groups, and individuals.

The International System

  • The international system consists of incentives and expectations that form the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics.
  • The system has four key concepts/faces: Anarchy, Hierarchy, Interdependence, and Capitalism.
  • Step 1: Separate thought for each concept
  • Step 2: Comparing varied perspectives of each concept
  • Step 3: Exploring the connections and interactions of these concepts.

Introduction to International Hierarchy

  • Definition: A key component of international relations.
  • Conventional wisdom: No hierarchy in the international system. Realism, institutionalism, and liberalism perspectives all support this.
  • New agenda: Suggests that hierarchy exists in the international system. Analysis seeks to explore the nature and implications of anarchy.

Sources of International Hierarchy

  • Coercive power: The ability of powerful states to force other states to comply with their demands.
  • Wealth and market power: The ability of wealthy states to affect the global economic system.
  • Social constructions of identity and difference: Inequality and discrimination in international relations, due to social differences, like race, gender, or ethnicity.

Dynamics of International Hierarchy

  • Hierarchy as voluntary contracts: States and other agents are seen as purposeful and collaborative in international affairs. Hierarchies are considered legitimate authoritative structures, based on shared rules and responsibilities which benefit both those in power and the subordinate. These agreements influence state and other actors' conduct.
  • Hierarchy as contested domination: All forms of hierarchy are contested, by subordinate actors. Strategies of contestation encompass:
    • Challenging the ideas and discourses sustaining inequality.
    • Challenging the formal institutions maintaining hierarchy.
    • Accumulating greater material resources.

America's Informal Empire?

  • A powerful position in international affairs and substantial military, economic, and political/diplomatic capabilities,
  • Unequaled global surveillance technology and leading universities and innovation

Special Roles for Rich States

  • Key decisions on the global economy are often made by wealthy industrialized states (e.g., the G7, G20).
  • These states have significant influence over international economic policies.
  • There is less of a voice for other states in the decision-making process.

The Power of Money in the UN

  • The UN's core budget is funded from mandatory contributions proportionate to each member state's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
  • The reality is that the UN increasingly relies on restricted and voluntary contributions from member states for essential services, including peacekeeping and development initiatives.
  • This reliance increases the ability of wealthy states to influence and potentially control UN actions.

Social Constructions of Identity and Difference

  • Deep structures of inequality develop over time with advantages granted to selected groups, regardless of state or individual.
  • Social structures are more impactful than individual choices, shaping how states interact and interpret the world,
  • Hierarchies cause uneven distribution of rights, and responsibilities among actors.
  • Examples: Race, gender, economic structures.

Racial Hierarchies and Distributions of Wealth and Power

  • Racial distinctions shape economic and political systems, affecting the distribution of power and resources between states.

Racism and Imperialism

  • Imperialism is a worldwide system of political and economic control where dominant states dominate and exploit weaker states. Economic rationale and racism are influential factors.

Racial Hierarchy and International Order

  • Beliefs about the capabilities of non-white states/countries, influence interventions and actions in international policy and order.
    • Examples include assuming that non-white states are inherently aggressive or lacking in capacity.

Further Sources and Examples

  • Highlighting research and publications by various scholars.
  • Examples of hierarchical contracts include NATO secretary selection procedures.
  • Examples of historical hierarchies include the Chinese tributary system in East Asia in the 14th to 19th century.
  • Other examples: the United States’ role in maintaining order in parts of the Caribbean and Europe.

Contrasting Views on Hegemonic Stability

  • A benign view: Hegemonic stability theory argues that all states benefit from the international order, but hegemons benefit more. Hegemons are those with resources to maintain order and cooperation.
  • A critical view: The modern world-system theory, highlights that the world system, since the 16th-century, is based on labor divisions which benefit some states/nations more than others. The core, semi-periphery, and periphery are differentiated according to their developed and underdeveloped statuses.

Questions for Reflection

  • Assess the strengths and limitations of the concepts of sources and dynamics of hierarchy.
  • Evaluate the dependence of hierarchy on the cooperation of the ruled with the rulers.
  • Consider whether states freely enter into hierarchical relationships or are compelled to.
  • Explore whether subordinate international actors can withdraw from hierarchical relationships, and the costs associated with such an exit.
  • Analyze the deeper structures underlying narrow hierarchical contracts.
  • Define the conditions under which challenges to an existing hierarchy are most likely to succeed.

The End-Next Class

  • The next class will focus on interdependence.

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Description

Explore the concepts of international hierarchy and the structure of the international system in this quiz. Delve into the distribution of authority and the various perspectives on key concepts like anarchy, hierarchy, interdependence, and capitalism. Understand how these elements interact and shape international relations.

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