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Questions and Answers
What is a primary criticism of hierarchical contracts as discussed in the analysis?
What is a primary criticism of hierarchical contracts as discussed in the analysis?
Which international body exemplifies differentiated responsibilities among sovereign states?
Which international body exemplifies differentiated responsibilities among sovereign states?
The idea of hierarchy being contested implies that subordinate actors can take which of the following actions?
The idea of hierarchy being contested implies that subordinate actors can take which of the following actions?
What role do NGOs play in the context of worldwide governance structures as mentioned in the analysis?
What role do NGOs play in the context of worldwide governance structures as mentioned in the analysis?
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Which concept reflects the idea that actors in the international system can assert their equality or superiority over others?
Which concept reflects the idea that actors in the international system can assert their equality or superiority over others?
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In the context of rising powers challenging existing hierarchies, what is a shared concern among these actors?
In the context of rising powers challenging existing hierarchies, what is a shared concern among these actors?
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How did Siam and Vietnam respond to their interaction with Chinese dynasties, according to the analysis?
How did Siam and Vietnam respond to their interaction with Chinese dynasties, according to the analysis?
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What was a primary goal of African diplomats and lawyers after liberation from colonialism?
What was a primary goal of African diplomats and lawyers after liberation from colonialism?
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What does the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court mainly empower?
What does the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court mainly empower?
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What economic strategy did the poor countries propose in the 1970s?
What economic strategy did the poor countries propose in the 1970s?
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What has been a key characteristic of the G20 compared to the G7?
What has been a key characteristic of the G20 compared to the G7?
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Which of the following describes a limitation faced by the New International Economic Order?
Which of the following describes a limitation faced by the New International Economic Order?
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How does the modern world system theory view the relationship between different countries?
How does the modern world system theory view the relationship between different countries?
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What is a significant factor influencing the willingness of 'the ruled' to cooperate with 'the rulers' in hierarchical systems?
What is a significant factor influencing the willingness of 'the ruled' to cooperate with 'the rulers' in hierarchical systems?
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What does the concept of hegemonic stability theory imply about global governance?
What does the concept of hegemonic stability theory imply about global governance?
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What challenge arises from the hierarchy established by the international legal order post-colonialism?
What challenge arises from the hierarchy established by the international legal order post-colonialism?
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What was Japan's proposal regarding the League of Nations in 1919?
What was Japan's proposal regarding the League of Nations in 1919?
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What does the term 'hierarchy as voluntary contracts' imply in the context of international relations?
What does the term 'hierarchy as voluntary contracts' imply in the context of international relations?
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In which scenario might a state cede authority according to the concept of international hierarchy?
In which scenario might a state cede authority according to the concept of international hierarchy?
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What role does authority play in hierarchical relationships between states?
What role does authority play in hierarchical relationships between states?
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Which of these best defines the relationship between compliance and enforcement in authority structures?
Which of these best defines the relationship between compliance and enforcement in authority structures?
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How did Japan's actions in the 1920s and 1930s reflect a racialized hierarchy?
How did Japan's actions in the 1920s and 1930s reflect a racialized hierarchy?
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What does the concept of global governance structures primarily focus on?
What does the concept of global governance structures primarily focus on?
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What aspect of international relations does Modern World System Theory address?
What aspect of international relations does Modern World System Theory address?
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Which term describes the difference between legitimate and illegitimate authority relationships?
Which term describes the difference between legitimate and illegitimate authority relationships?
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Which group is likely to benefit from import substitution industrialization (ISI) within a developing country context?
Which group is likely to benefit from import substitution industrialization (ISI) within a developing country context?
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What was a significant consequence of the transition in political power after World War II regarding economic policy?
What was a significant consequence of the transition in political power after World War II regarding economic policy?
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Why did land-owners initially support free trade despite ISI measures being adopted?
Why did land-owners initially support free trade despite ISI measures being adopted?
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How did the economic conditions after World War I primarily shift political power among classes?
How did the economic conditions after World War I primarily shift political power among classes?
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What underlying belief drove the need for a governmental 'Big Push' during industrialization efforts?
What underlying belief drove the need for a governmental 'Big Push' during industrialization efforts?
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What is a key reason that sanctions may fail to achieve their intended goals?
What is a key reason that sanctions may fail to achieve their intended goals?
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Which factor significantly complicates the effectiveness of sanctions on a target country?
Which factor significantly complicates the effectiveness of sanctions on a target country?
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Which strategy is least likely to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions?
Which strategy is least likely to enhance the effectiveness of sanctions?
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What is a primary reason states might choose to impose sanctions?
What is a primary reason states might choose to impose sanctions?
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How does interdependence affect the imposition of sanctions?
How does interdependence affect the imposition of sanctions?
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Which of the following characterizes the economic impact of sanctions on the sender country?
Which of the following characterizes the economic impact of sanctions on the sender country?
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Which aspect is crucial for assessing the long-term impact of sanctions?
Which aspect is crucial for assessing the long-term impact of sanctions?
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What is the main goal of economic coercion as a foreign policy tool?
What is the main goal of economic coercion as a foreign policy tool?
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What distinguishes unilateral economic sanctions from multilateral sanctions?
What distinguishes unilateral economic sanctions from multilateral sanctions?
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Which type of economic sanction involves restrictions on the flow of capital?
Which type of economic sanction involves restrictions on the flow of capital?
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Why might a state choose to impose aid sanctions?
Why might a state choose to impose aid sanctions?
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How do economic sanctions potentially affect the sender state's economy?
How do economic sanctions potentially affect the sender state's economy?
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What is a common reason for states to impose trade sanctions on another state?
What is a common reason for states to impose trade sanctions on another state?
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What is a defining characteristic of the 'Washington Consensus' in relation to economic policies?
What is a defining characteristic of the 'Washington Consensus' in relation to economic policies?
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What form of economic sanction might destabilize the value of a country's currency?
What form of economic sanction might destabilize the value of a country's currency?
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What implication does economic interdependence have for the effectiveness of sanctions?
What implication does economic interdependence have for the effectiveness of sanctions?
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In what scenario is export sanctions most likely to be implemented?
In what scenario is export sanctions most likely to be implemented?
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Which sector is identified as capital-intensive and typically associated with import-competing activities?
Which sector is identified as capital-intensive and typically associated with import-competing activities?
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What political shift occurred after World War II that impacted economic policy in developing countries?
What political shift occurred after World War II that impacted economic policy in developing countries?
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What is a primary motivation for land-owners to favor free trade in the context of import substitution industrialization?
What is a primary motivation for land-owners to favor free trade in the context of import substitution industrialization?
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How did the belief in the necessity of a 'Big Push' during industrialization manifest in government policies?
How did the belief in the necessity of a 'Big Push' during industrialization manifest in government policies?
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What economic argument supports the idea that ISI may disadvantage land-owners in times of economic crisis?
What economic argument supports the idea that ISI may disadvantage land-owners in times of economic crisis?
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Which statement best describes the economic impact of global supply chains on individual workers in trade policy?
Which statement best describes the economic impact of global supply chains on individual workers in trade policy?
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What is the primary characteristic of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
What is the primary characteristic of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
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Which combination of factors is most likely to result in vertical Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
Which combination of factors is most likely to result in vertical Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
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During which period did many developing countries transition away from protectionism to a more liberal trade policy?
During which period did many developing countries transition away from protectionism to a more liberal trade policy?
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What is a common misconception about the benefits of free trade?
What is a common misconception about the benefits of free trade?
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Which stage of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) is characterized by the production of simple consumer goods?
Which stage of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) is characterized by the production of simple consumer goods?
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Why might developing countries have adopted Import Substitution Industrialization in the late 1950s?
Why might developing countries have adopted Import Substitution Industrialization in the late 1950s?
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Which of the following strategies is primarily aimed at increasing a country's domestic production while reducing dependence on foreign goods?
Which of the following strategies is primarily aimed at increasing a country's domestic production while reducing dependence on foreign goods?
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What is a significant result of the IMF and World Bank's conditions on loans for countries in financial distress?
What is a significant result of the IMF and World Bank's conditions on loans for countries in financial distress?
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Which economic challenge did Latin American and Sub-Saharan African countries encounter in the 1980s?
Which economic challenge did Latin American and Sub-Saharan African countries encounter in the 1980s?
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Economic coercion as a foreign policy tool primarily seeks to achieve which of the following?
Economic coercion as a foreign policy tool primarily seeks to achieve which of the following?
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Which of the following represents a common criticism of economic sanctions?
Which of the following represents a common criticism of economic sanctions?
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What motivates states to employ trade sanctions against another nation?
What motivates states to employ trade sanctions against another nation?
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Which form of economic sanction directly influences a state's currency value?
Which form of economic sanction directly influences a state's currency value?
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What economic policy is characterized by a focus on maintaining exports to generate foreign currency?
What economic policy is characterized by a focus on maintaining exports to generate foreign currency?
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Why do leaders historically hesitate to transition from ISI to more productive economic policies?
Why do leaders historically hesitate to transition from ISI to more productive economic policies?
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What typically characterizes unilateral economic sanctions when compared to multilateral sanctions?
What typically characterizes unilateral economic sanctions when compared to multilateral sanctions?
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Study Notes
International Hierarchy
- International hierarchy is a distribution of authority, placing some actors in dominant and subordinate positions.
- Authority is the power and right to create rules and enforce obedience.
- Hierarchy can exist between states, or involve non-state actors, groups, and individuals.
The International System
- The international system consists of incentives and expectations that form the identities and behaviors of actors in international politics.
- The system has four key concepts/faces: Anarchy, Hierarchy, Interdependence, and Capitalism.
- Step 1: Separate thought for each concept
- Step 2: Comparing varied perspectives of each concept
- Step 3: Exploring the connections and interactions of these concepts.
Introduction to International Hierarchy
- Definition: A key component of international relations.
- Conventional wisdom: No hierarchy in the international system. Realism, institutionalism, and liberalism perspectives all support this.
- New agenda: Suggests that hierarchy exists in the international system. Analysis seeks to explore the nature and implications of anarchy.
Sources of International Hierarchy
- Coercive power: The ability of powerful states to force other states to comply with their demands.
- Wealth and market power: The ability of wealthy states to affect the global economic system.
- Social constructions of identity and difference: Inequality and discrimination in international relations, due to social differences, like race, gender, or ethnicity.
Dynamics of International Hierarchy
- Hierarchy as voluntary contracts: States and other agents are seen as purposeful and collaborative in international affairs. Hierarchies are considered legitimate authoritative structures, based on shared rules and responsibilities which benefit both those in power and the subordinate. These agreements influence state and other actors' conduct.
- Hierarchy as contested domination: All forms of hierarchy are contested, by subordinate actors. Strategies of contestation encompass:
- Challenging the ideas and discourses sustaining inequality.
- Challenging the formal institutions maintaining hierarchy.
- Accumulating greater material resources.
America's Informal Empire?
- A powerful position in international affairs and substantial military, economic, and political/diplomatic capabilities,
- Unequaled global surveillance technology and leading universities and innovation
Special Roles for Rich States
- Key decisions on the global economy are often made by wealthy industrialized states (e.g., the G7, G20).
- These states have significant influence over international economic policies.
- There is less of a voice for other states in the decision-making process.
The Power of Money in the UN
- The UN's core budget is funded from mandatory contributions proportionate to each member state's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
- The reality is that the UN increasingly relies on restricted and voluntary contributions from member states for essential services, including peacekeeping and development initiatives.
- This reliance increases the ability of wealthy states to influence and potentially control UN actions.
Social Constructions of Identity and Difference
- Deep structures of inequality develop over time with advantages granted to selected groups, regardless of state or individual.
- Social structures are more impactful than individual choices, shaping how states interact and interpret the world,
- Hierarchies cause uneven distribution of rights, and responsibilities among actors.
- Examples: Race, gender, economic structures.
Racial Hierarchies and Distributions of Wealth and Power
- Racial distinctions shape economic and political systems, affecting the distribution of power and resources between states.
Racism and Imperialism
- Imperialism is a worldwide system of political and economic control where dominant states dominate and exploit weaker states. Economic rationale and racism are influential factors.
Racial Hierarchy and International Order
- Beliefs about the capabilities of non-white states/countries, influence interventions and actions in international policy and order.
- Examples include assuming that non-white states are inherently aggressive or lacking in capacity.
Further Sources and Examples
- Highlighting research and publications by various scholars.
- Examples of hierarchical contracts include NATO secretary selection procedures.
- Examples of historical hierarchies include the Chinese tributary system in East Asia in the 14th to 19th century.
- Other examples: the United States’ role in maintaining order in parts of the Caribbean and Europe.
Contrasting Views on Hegemonic Stability
- A benign view: Hegemonic stability theory argues that all states benefit from the international order, but hegemons benefit more. Hegemons are those with resources to maintain order and cooperation.
- A critical view: The modern world-system theory, highlights that the world system, since the 16th-century, is based on labor divisions which benefit some states/nations more than others. The core, semi-periphery, and periphery are differentiated according to their developed and underdeveloped statuses.
Questions for Reflection
- Assess the strengths and limitations of the concepts of sources and dynamics of hierarchy.
- Evaluate the dependence of hierarchy on the cooperation of the ruled with the rulers.
- Consider whether states freely enter into hierarchical relationships or are compelled to.
- Explore whether subordinate international actors can withdraw from hierarchical relationships, and the costs associated with such an exit.
- Analyze the deeper structures underlying narrow hierarchical contracts.
- Define the conditions under which challenges to an existing hierarchy are most likely to succeed.
The End-Next Class
- The next class will focus on interdependence.
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Description
Explore the concepts of international hierarchy and the structure of the international system in this quiz. Delve into the distribution of authority and the various perspectives on key concepts like anarchy, hierarchy, interdependence, and capitalism. Understand how these elements interact and shape international relations.
