Internal Disease Study Notes

A systolic murmur heard in aortic stenosis, characterized by a high-pitched, harsh, and grating sound.

The apical impulse, also known as the point of maximal impulse (PMI), is a palpable vibration on the chest wall caused by the heart's left ventricle contracting.

A condition where the heart beat rate (pulse) is slower than the heart rate (heart beats per minute). It indicates a difference between the number of pulses felt and the number of heart beats heard.

A difference in the pulse strength between the left and right radial arteries. It indicates a narrowing of the aortic valve, hampering blood flow to the left side of the body.

A condition where the heart's second sound is weakened or absent. It occurs due to a delay in the closure of the aortic valve, leading to a weaker sound.

A rapid, high-pitched, and large pulse, often associated with aortic valve insufficiency. It happens because the heart tries to pump harder to compensate for the leaky aortic valve.

A slow and small pulse, often associated with aortic stenosis. The heart pumps with less force due to the narrowed aortic valve, resulting in a weakened pulse.

The area of absolute cardiac dullness is formed by the right ventricle. It's the area on the chest where a solid sound is heard when you percuss (tap) it due to the presence of the heart muscle.

A heart condition where the mitral valve does not open fully, making it harder for blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

The closure of the atrioventricular valves of the heart, marking the beginning of ventricular systole.

The closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the beginning of ventricular diastole.

The sound produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves.

The sound produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

The point where the mitral valve is best auscultated.

The point where the tricuspid valve is best auscultated.

The point where the pulmonary valve is best auscultated.

The period during which all four heart valves are closed and the ventricles contract isometrically.

A murmur heard during diastole at the apex of the heart, often suggesting mitral stenosis.

A heart murmur heard in mitral valve insufficiency, where blood leaks back from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

A heart murmur heard in aortic insufficiency, where blood leaks back from the aorta to the left ventricle.

A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, usually lasting 10-15 minutes and relieved by nitroglycerin.

Severe chest pain caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, usually lasting more than 30 minutes and often accompanied by weakness, cold sweats, and nausea.

The major difference between angina pain and heart attack pain is that angina pain is shorter and usually relieved by nitroglycerin, while heart attack pain is longer and not relieved by nitroglycerin.

Pain in angina usually occurs behind the breastbone, specifically in the retrosternal area.

Pain during a heart attack is very severe and requires strong pain relievers called narcotics to manage.

The relationship between pain and exercise, the duration of the pain, and the effect of nitroglycerin are crucial to differentiate between angina and heart attack.

Shortness of breath during physical exertion is a common symptom that can be caused by various heart conditions, including heart attack and angina.

A diastolic murmur with a decreasing intensity, heard in the second intercostal space on the right side of the sternum, beginning immediately after the second heart sound, occupying 2/3 of diastole. The murmur is transmitted to Botkin's point and the apex.

A diastolic thrill at the apex in a patient with mitral stenosis is caused by the turbulent blood flow through the narrowed mitral valve.

A heart condition where the mitral valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle, doesn't open fully.

The combination of symptoms associated with mitral stenosis, including shortness of breath, attacks of suffocation, cough with pink sputum, noisy breathing, palpitations, and weakness.

Aortic insufficiency is a condition where the aortic valve doesn't close properly, leading to blood flowing back into the left ventricle during diastole.

A 50-year-old woman with symptoms of shortness of breath, attacks of suffocation, a cough with pink sputum, noisy breathing, palpitations, and weakness. She has signs of mitral stenosis and is overnourished. Her complaints can be attributed to Left Ventricular Heart failure due to impaired cardiac hemodynamics.

Mitral valve insufficiency is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to leak back into the left atrium during systole.

A condition characterized by breathlessness, wheezing, coughing up pink-tinged sputum, weakness, and cold sweat. It occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs.

A medical emergency characterized by dizziness, progressive weakness, decreased hemoglobin levels, and cold sweat. It arises from insufficient blood supply to vital organs due to internal bleeding.

A syndrome characterized by a combination of symptoms, including shortness of breath, coughing up pink-tinged sputum, and weakness. These symptoms indicate fluid buildup in the lungs due to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.

A serious medical situation where the heart's ability to pump blood is severely compromised. Symptoms include unconsciousness, paleness, low blood pressure, and a weak pulse. The condition often arises from internal bleeding or a weakened heart.

Chronic right ventricular heart failure is characterized by persistent fluid buildup in the body, particularly in the legs and feet. It involves a weakening of the right ventricle, preventing it from effectively pumping blood to the lungs.

A condition where the right ventricle of the heart fails to pump blood efficiently, leading to a buildup of pressure in the veins and fluid retention in the tissues. This can cause swelling in the legs and feet, especially in the evening.

Chronic right ventricular heart failure is characterized by fluid retention leading to swelling (edema) in the legs and feet, along with blue coloration of the extremities, known as acrocyanosis.

A condition characterized by sudden breathlessness, often at night, accompanied by coughing up blood (hemoptysis) and noisy breathing, indicating fluid buildup in the lungs due to left ventricular failure.

A condition characterized by shortness of breath, especially when lying down, swelling throughout the body, and a rapid heart rate. It occurs when the heart fails to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the heart and lungs.

A condition characterized by fluid buildup in the legs and feet, shortness of breath, and a rapid heartbeat. It occurs when the heart fails to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the heart and lungs.