Internal Combustion Engines
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of internal combustion engines?

  • To convert mechanical power into chemical energy
  • To produce mechanical power from chemical energy (correct)
  • To convert electrical energy into thermal energy
  • To generate chemical reactions

What distinguishes internal combustion engines from external combustion engines?

  • The power output
  • The efficiency of the engine
  • The location of combustion (correct)
  • The type of fuel used

What are the two main types of internal combustion engines discussed in this book?

  • External and internal combustion engines
  • Piston-cylinder and rotary engines
  • Spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines (correct)
  • Gasoline and diesel engines

What makes the design and operating characteristics of internal combustion engines fundamentally different from other types of engines?

<p>The location of combustion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was used as an intermediate step between the combustion gases and the work-producing piston-in-cylinder expander for the first 150 years of power-producing engines?

<p>Steam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines that has led to their widespread application?

<p>Simplicity, ruggedness, high power to weight ratio, efficiency, and low cost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary fuel source for the early internal combustion engines developed for commercial use in the 1860s?

<p>Coal-gas air mixtures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first marketable engine that burned coal-gas air mixtures at atmospheric pressure?

<p>J.J.E. Lenoir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the thermal efficiency of the engines developed by Lenoir between 1860 and 1865?

<p>About 5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the innovation introduced by Nicolaus A. Otto in 1867?

<p>An atmospheric engine using the pressure rise from combustion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Otto's four-stroke engine cycle?

<p>It reduced the engine's weight and volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many of Otto's four-stroke engines had been sold by 1890?

<p>Almost 50,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Internal Combustion Engines

  • Produce mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in fuel by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine
  • Fuel-air mixture before combustion and burned products after combustion are the working fluids
  • Work transfers that provide the desired power output occur directly between these working fluids and the mechanical components of the engine

Types of Internal Combustion Engines

  • Spark-ignition (SI) engines, also called Otto engines, or gasoline or petrol engines
  • Compression-ignition (CI) or diesel engines

Characteristics and Applications

  • Simplicity, ruggedness, high power to weight ratio, efficiency, and low cost
  • Wide application in transportation (land, sea, and air) and power generation

History of Internal Combustion Engines

  • Power-producing engines have served human beings for over two and a half centuries
  • Initially, water, converted to steam, was interposed between the combustion gases and the work-producing piston-in-cylinder expander
  • The internal combustion engine became a practical reality in the 1860s

Early Engines

  • Early engines developed for commercial use burned coal-gas air mixtures at atmospheric pressure
  • J.J.E.Lenoir developed the first marketable engine of this type in the 1860s
  • Efficiency was at best about 5%

Development of Otto's Engine

  • Nicolaus A. Otto and Eugen Langen introduced an atmospheric engine in 1867
  • This engine used the pressure rise resulting from combustion to accelerate a free piston and rack assembly
  • Thermal efficiencies of up to 11% were achieved
  • Production engines, of which about 5000 were built, obtained thermal efficiencies of up to 11%

Otto's Four-Stroke Engine

  • Proposed an engine cycle with four piston strokes: intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust
  • First prototype four-stroke engine ran in 1876
  • Comparison to Otto-Langen's engine shows enormous reduction in engine weight and volume
  • Founded the internal combustion engine industry

Patents and Controversies

  • Alphonse Beau de Rochas held an unpublished French patent issued in 1862 for the principles of the four-stroke cycle
  • This discovery cast doubt on the validity of Otto's own patent for this concept

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Learn about the principles and types of internal combustion engines, including spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines.

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