Internal Combustion Engine Systems

Optimum Firing Order of Engine

• Engine vibration, engine cooling, and development of backpressure are considered while deciding the optimum firing order of an engine.
• Engine configuration is not considered while deciding the optimum firing order of an engine.

Dwell Meter

• The Dwell meter is used to set the contact breaker gap.

Vacuum Advance Mechanism

• The vacuum advance mechanism shifts the ignition point under part-load operation.

Electric Field

• The conventional direction of electric field is from positive to negative.
• Electric field originates at a positive charge.
• Electric field terminates at a negative charge.
• Electric field lines never intersect.
• A field that spreads outwards in all directions is radial.

Capacitor

• The insulant between the two plates of a capacitor is called dielectric.
• The time constant of a capacitor depends on the charging and discharging rate.
• The initial current while charging a capacitor is high.

Lead-Acid Battery

• PbSO4 gets deposited on the plates of a discharged lead-acid battery.
• The number of positive plates in a battery cell is one less than the negative plates.
• A maintenance-free battery has a lead-calcium plate grid.

Alkaline Battery

• The specific gravity of electrolyte remains the same in an alkaline battery.

Speed Measurement

• Magnetic pickup is the best method to measure the speed.

Ignition System

• The function of the ignition system is to initiate the flame propagation process.
• The total enthalpy required to cause the flame to be self-sustaining and promote ignition is given by the product of the surface area of the spherical flame and the enthalpy per unit area.
• An ignition process obeys the law of conservation of energy.
• Air is a poor conductor of electricity, and an air gap in an electric circuit acts as a high resistance.

Engine Components

• Cylinder liners are cast by semi-steel material.
• The oil sump serves as a cooling and ventilation of engine lubricating oil.
• A heat engine converts heat energy from fuel combustion or any other source into mechanical work.
• A steam engine comes under the category of external combustion engines.
• An air compressor is a power-absorbing heat engine.

Reciprocating Steam Engine

• All of the following are types of reciprocating steam engines: simple, compound, and uniflow.

Carnot Cycle

• The 2nd step of the Carnot cycle is isentropic compression.

Thermal Power Plants

• Thermal power plants operate on the Rankine cycle.
• The efficiency of a combined cycle gas turbine (steam cooled) can range as high as 60%.

Automobile Systems

• The engine produces mechanical power that is transmitted to the automobile's wheels through a drivetrain, which includes transmission & driveshaft(s), and differential & axles.
• The torque available at the contact between the road and driving wheel is called tractive effort.