Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately distinguishes between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

  • Intramolecular forces are weaker than intermolecular forces and dictate phase transitions.
  • Intermolecular forces stabilize individual molecules, while intramolecular forces govern bulk properties.
  • Intermolecular and intramolecular forces are equal in strength, both affecting molecular stability and bulk properties.
  • Intramolecular forces stabilize individual molecules, whereas intermolecular forces influence bulk properties like melting and boiling points. (correct)

When comparing the boiling points of two substances, A and B, what can be inferred if substance A requires significantly more energy to vaporize?

  • Substance A and B have the same strength of intermolecular forces.
  • The difference in energy required is due solely to differences in molecular size, not intermolecular forces.
  • Substance B has stronger intramolecular forces than substance A.
  • Substance A has stronger intermolecular forces than substance B. (correct)

Which of the following best explains why hydrogen bonding is considered a 'particularly strong type of dipole-dipole interaction'?

  • Hydrogen bonds involve only elements with low electronegativity.
  • Hydrogen bonds are weaker than typical dipole-dipole interactions due to the small size of hydrogen.
  • Hydrogen bonds are not actually a type of dipole-dipole interaction but a unique force stronger than all other intermolecular forces.
  • Hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms (N, O, F), creating a significant charge difference and strong attraction. (correct)

How does the concentration of charge on cations versus anions typically affect ion-dipole interactions?

<p>Cations, being smaller, typically concentrate charge more effectively, leading to stronger ion-dipole interactions compared to anions of similar charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate description of an 'induced dipole'?

<p>A temporary separation of charge in an atom or nonpolar molecule caused by the proximity of an ion or polar molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly influences the polarizability of an atom or molecule?

<p>The ease with which the electron distribution can be distorted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do dispersion forces generally increase with molar mass?

<p>Larger molecules usually have more electrons and a more diffuse electron cloud, making them more easily polarized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider two molecules: CH3F (methyl fluoride), which is polar, and CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride), which is nonpolar. Why does CCl4 have a higher boiling point despite CH3F having a dipole moment?

<p>CCl4 has a significantly higher molar mass and more electrons than CH3F, resulting in stronger dispersion forces that outweigh the dipole-dipole forces in CH3F. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the nature of intermolecular forces?

<p>Molecules exert both attractive and repulsive forces; repulsion becomes significant at very short distances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does water have a considerably greater surface tension than many other liquids?

<p>Because of its ability to form strong hydrogen bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intermolecular Forces

Attractive forces between molecules, responsible for nonideal gas behavior and properties of liquids and solids.

Condensation

Transition from gaseous to liquid phase, occurring when molecules lose kinetic energy and aggregate.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules due to electrostatic interactions.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule.

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Polarizability

The ease with which the electron distribution in an atom or molecule can be distorted.

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Dispersion Forces

Attractive forces arising from temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.

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Hydrogen Bond

A special type of dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms (O, N, F).

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Surface Tension

The amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid.

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Cohesion

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules.

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Adhesion

An attraction between unlike molecules.

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