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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the critical temperature of water?
What is the critical temperature of water?
- 218°C
- 374°C (correct)
- 0°C
- 100°C
What is the critical pressure of water?
What is the critical pressure of water?
- 10 atm
- 218 atm (correct)
- 1 atm
- 100 atm
At what temperature does liquid CO2 exist?
At what temperature does liquid CO2 exist?
- -78.5°C
- 20°C
- 31.1°C (correct)
- 0°C
What is the critical point of CO2?
What is the critical point of CO2?
Which of the following statements about solutions is correct?
Which of the following statements about solutions is correct?
What is the relationship between the vapor pressure and boiling point of a liquid?
What is the relationship between the vapor pressure and boiling point of a liquid?
Why does rubbing alcohol feel cold when applied to the skin, even though it has been warmed to body temperature?
Why does rubbing alcohol feel cold when applied to the skin, even though it has been warmed to body temperature?
Why does the temperature of a boiling liquid remain constant even when heat is continuously added?
Why does the temperature of a boiling liquid remain constant even when heat is continuously added?
What is the critical point of a substance, as described in the text?
What is the critical point of a substance, as described in the text?
What is the temperature of an ice-water mixture, as described in the text?
What is the temperature of an ice-water mixture, as described in the text?
What is the definition of the 'triple point' as described in the text?
What is the definition of the 'triple point' as described in the text?
Which type of intermolecular force is the weakest?
Which type of intermolecular force is the weakest?
Which of the following molecules exhibits hydrogen bonding?
Which of the following molecules exhibits hydrogen bonding?
How are surface tension and intermolecular forces related?
How are surface tension and intermolecular forces related?
What is the primary factor that determines the vapor pressure of a liquid?
What is the primary factor that determines the vapor pressure of a liquid?
Which of the following is an example of a molecule with permanent dipole-dipole interactions?
Which of the following is an example of a molecule with permanent dipole-dipole interactions?
What is the primary factor that determines the viscosity of a liquid?
What is the primary factor that determines the viscosity of a liquid?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Phase Changes and Properties
- The temperature at which water freezes to become ice or ice melts to become water is the same.
- Critical temperature and pressure of water are 374°C and 218 atm, respectively.
- Liquid CO2 exists at temperatures above 31.1°C, and its critical point is 31.1°C at 73 atm.
Solutions
- A solution typically consists of a single solvent and one or more solutes.
- The solvent is the substance in greater amounts or the one that dissolves other substances.
- Solutes are the substances in lesser amounts that are dissolved by the solvent.
- The solubility of gaseous solutes in water decreases as temperature increases.
Boiling Point
- The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
- There is an inverse relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point: higher vapor pressure leads to a lower boiling point, and vice versa.
Examples of Liquid Properties
- Rubbing alcohol feels cold when applied to the skin due to evaporative cooling, as it quickly evaporates and absorbs heat from the skin.
- The temperature of a boiling liquid remains constant when heat is continuously added because the added heat is used to convert the liquid into vapor.
Phase Diagram
- A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the pressure-temperature relationship that applies to the equilibria between the phases of substances.
- The triple point is the point where all states of matter exist at the same time.
- The critical point is the temperature at which a gas can no longer be liquefied.
- The temperature of an ice-water mixture, commonly known as the freezing point of water, is 0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric pressure.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
- London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force, occurring between nonpolar molecules, and are present in all types of molecules.
- Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules, forming permanent dipoles.
- Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force, a special type of dipole-dipole force, occurring between H and F, O, or N.
Properties of Liquids
- Surface tension is the force that causes the molecules in the liquid to tighten their hold on one another, directly related to the intermolecular forces of attraction.
- Viscosity is the measure of a liquid's tendency to resist flowing motion, directly influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces.
- Vapor pressure is a characteristic of the type of liquid, dependent on the temperature of the liquid, and occurs when a liquid vaporizes in a closed container.
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