Chemistry 2 Midterm: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the critical temperature of water?

218°C

374°C (correct)

0°C

100°C

What is the critical pressure of water?

10 atm

218 atm (correct)

1 atm

100 atm

At what temperature does liquid CO2 exist?

-78.5°C

20°C

31.1°C (correct)

0°C

What is the critical point of CO2?

31.1°C at 73 atm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about solutions is correct?

The solvent is the substance in greater amounts or the one that dissolves other substances, and the solutes are the substances in lesser amounts that are dissolved by the solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the vapor pressure and boiling point of a liquid?

The higher the vapor pressure, the lower the boiling point. Signup and view all the answers

Why does rubbing alcohol feel cold when applied to the skin, even though it has been warmed to body temperature?

The rubbing alcohol evaporates quickly, which causes the skin to feel cold. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the temperature of a boiling liquid remain constant even when heat is continuously added?

The added heat is used to convert the liquid into vapor, without increasing the temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical point of a substance, as described in the text?

The point where the liquid and gas phases of a substance become indistinguishable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature of an ice-water mixture, as described in the text?

0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the 'triple point' as described in the text?

The point where all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intermolecular force is the weakest?

London dispersion forces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules exhibits hydrogen bonding?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

How are surface tension and intermolecular forces related?

Surface tension is directly related to the intermolecular forces of attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the vapor pressure of a liquid?

The temperature of the liquid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a molecule with permanent dipole-dipole interactions?

CCl4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the viscosity of a liquid?

The strength of the intermolecular forces Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phase Changes and Properties

The temperature at which water freezes to become ice or ice melts to become water is the same.
Critical temperature and pressure of water are 374°C and 218 atm, respectively.
Liquid CO2 exists at temperatures above 31.1°C, and its critical point is 31.1°C at 73 atm.

Solutions

A solution typically consists of a single solvent and one or more solutes.
The solvent is the substance in greater amounts or the one that dissolves other substances.
Solutes are the substances in lesser amounts that are dissolved by the solvent.
The solubility of gaseous solutes in water decreases as temperature increases.

Boiling Point

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
There is an inverse relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point: higher vapor pressure leads to a lower boiling point, and vice versa.

Examples of Liquid Properties

Rubbing alcohol feels cold when applied to the skin due to evaporative cooling, as it quickly evaporates and absorbs heat from the skin.
The temperature of a boiling liquid remains constant when heat is continuously added because the added heat is used to convert the liquid into vapor.

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the pressure-temperature relationship that applies to the equilibria between the phases of substances.
The triple point is the point where all states of matter exist at the same time.
The critical point is the temperature at which a gas can no longer be liquefied.
The temperature of an ice-water mixture, commonly known as the freezing point of water, is 0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric pressure.

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force, occurring between nonpolar molecules, and are present in all types of molecules.
Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules, forming permanent dipoles.
Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force, a special type of dipole-dipole force, occurring between H and F, O, or N.

Properties of Liquids

Surface tension is the force that causes the molecules in the liquid to tighten their hold on one another, directly related to the intermolecular forces of attraction.
Viscosity is the measure of a liquid's tendency to resist flowing motion, directly influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces.
Vapor pressure is a characteristic of the type of liquid, dependent on the temperature of the liquid, and occurs when a liquid vaporizes in a closed container.

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Description

Prepare for your General Chemistry 2 midterm by reviewing intermolecular forces of attraction, focusing on London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Understand their characteristics, examples of molecules exhibiting these forces, and their relative strengths.