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Questions and Answers
Which type of intermolecular force is the strongest?
Which type of intermolecular force is the strongest?
What factor influences the strength of London Dispersion Forces?
What factor influences the strength of London Dispersion Forces?
What happens to the boiling point if the intermolecular forces are weak?
What happens to the boiling point if the intermolecular forces are weak?
Which of the following substances exhibits Hydrogen Bonding?
Which of the following substances exhibits Hydrogen Bonding?
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Which of the following statements is true about Dipole-Dipole forces?
Which of the following statements is true about Dipole-Dipole forces?
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What influences the degree of surface tension in a liquid?
What influences the degree of surface tension in a liquid?
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Which pair of substances would primarily experience London Dispersion Forces?
Which pair of substances would primarily experience London Dispersion Forces?
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Which type of intermolecular force exists between polar molecules that do not have H bonded to F, O, or N?
Which type of intermolecular force exists between polar molecules that do not have H bonded to F, O, or N?
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Study Notes
Intermolecular Forces (IMF's)
- Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules.
- Intramolecular forces are forces within molecules.
- Strength of IM forces relates to boiling points. Strong IM forces = higher boiling points.
- IM forces are stronger in solids than liquids than gases.
- The order of strongest to weakest forces: Ionic > Covalent > Hydrogen Bonding > Dipole-Dipole > London Dispersion Forces (LDFs)
Types of IM Forces
-
London Dispersion Forces (LDFs):
- Weakest IM force
- Present in all molecules
- Result from temporary shifts in electron distribution
- Strength increases with increasing number of electrons
- Molecules with more electrons have stronger LDFs
- Temporary dipoles induce temporary dipoles in neighboring molecules.
-
Dipole-Dipole Forces:
- Present in polar molecules
- Molecules have permanent dipoles
- Force of attraction between opposite ends of the dipoles.
- Stronger than LDFs
-
Hydrogen Bonding:
- Special type of dipole-dipole force
- Present in molecules containing hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative atoms (F, O, N)
- Very strong force of attraction
- Large effect on boiling point
- High boiling points relative to similar molecules without hydrogen bonding.
Summary of IM Forces
| Type of IM Force | Definition | Substances with this IM Force | Properties of this IM Force | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| London Dispersion Forces (LDFs) | Very weak forces resulting from the constant motion of electrons. | All molecules | As the # of electrons increases, the force also increases. Stronger force = higher boiling point and melting point | F2(g), Br2(l), I2(s) |
| Dipole-Dipole Forces | Electrostatic attraction between the positive end of one dipole molecule and the negative end of another. | Polar molecules | The stronger the force, the higher the melting and boiling points. | HCl, H2S. |
| Hydrogen Bonding | An attractive force in which a H atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (F, O, N) covalently bonded to another very electronegative atom. | Molecules with H bonded to F, O, N | Strong dipole-dipole attraction, high boiling points compared to similar molecules | H2O, HF, NH3 |
Determining Molecular Properties
- Polar molecules
- Have a permanent dipole moment
- Have unequal sharing of electrons
- Have atoms with differing electronegativity
- Nonpolar molecules
- Do not have a permanent dipole moment
- Have equal sharing of electrons
- Have atoms with similar electronegativity.
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Description
Test your knowledge of intermolecular forces, including their types, strengths, and effects on boiling points. Understand the distinctions between intermolecular and intramolecular forces and their implications in different states of matter.
