Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes implicit processing as opposed to explicit processing?
What characterizes implicit processing as opposed to explicit processing?
At what age do children typically begin to show ingroup preference?
At what age do children typically begin to show ingroup preference?
Which statement accurately describes explicit bias development?
Which statement accurately describes explicit bias development?
What is the primary tool used to measure implicit bias?
What is the primary tool used to measure implicit bias?
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Which statement regarding implicit biases in children is true?
Which statement regarding implicit biases in children is true?
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What factor significantly contributes to bias reduction according to developmental studies?
What factor significantly contributes to bias reduction according to developmental studies?
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How does implicit bias typically change throughout a person's development?
How does implicit bias typically change throughout a person's development?
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What does the finding from the implicit bias study suggest about European-Americans?
What does the finding from the implicit bias study suggest about European-Americans?
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Which source of bias highlights the role of early encounters in shaping perceptions?
Which source of bias highlights the role of early encounters in shaping perceptions?
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What are implicit biases characterized by in terms of their stability over time?
What are implicit biases characterized by in terms of their stability over time?
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How do noun labels influence children's perception of traits?
How do noun labels influence children's perception of traits?
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Which of the following best describes essentialism in social cognition?
Which of the following best describes essentialism in social cognition?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to intergroup bias formation?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to intergroup bias formation?
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Which of these is NOT a source of intergroup bias according to Rudman's framework?
Which of these is NOT a source of intergroup bias according to Rudman's framework?
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What impact does essentialism have on social identity formation?
What impact does essentialism have on social identity formation?
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What is one of the main implications of using noun labels in relation to stereotypes?
What is one of the main implications of using noun labels in relation to stereotypes?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between gender essentialism and prejudice?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between gender essentialism and prejudice?
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What was a finding from the study on children's attitudes towards transgender people?
What was a finding from the study on children's attitudes towards transgender people?
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Which hypothesis suggests that the human brain has a specific unit for language?
Which hypothesis suggests that the human brain has a specific unit for language?
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What do morphemes specifically refer to in the context of language?
What do morphemes specifically refer to in the context of language?
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What term describes the ability to express an infinite number of ideas with a finite set of words?
What term describes the ability to express an infinite number of ideas with a finite set of words?
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In Baron and Banaji's findings, which group showed implicit preferences for white individuals?
In Baron and Banaji's findings, which group showed implicit preferences for white individuals?
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Children's phonological development is primarily concerned with which aspect of language?
Children's phonological development is primarily concerned with which aspect of language?
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At what age do children typically start developing gender toy preferences?
At what age do children typically start developing gender toy preferences?
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Which period in development is commonly associated with gender-role intensification?
Which period in development is commonly associated with gender-role intensification?
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According to Rudman (2004), which of the following are not considered sources of implicit intergroup bias?
According to Rudman (2004), which of the following are not considered sources of implicit intergroup bias?
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What do children tend to do as part of self-socialization regarding gender?
What do children tend to do as part of self-socialization regarding gender?
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Which statement best describes social cognitive theory in relation to learning gender roles?
Which statement best describes social cognitive theory in relation to learning gender roles?
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What is a key factor that impacts the way fathers communicate with their children based on gender?
What is a key factor that impacts the way fathers communicate with their children based on gender?
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What signifies the stage of gender constancy in Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
What signifies the stage of gender constancy in Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
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Which of the following is a component of gender schema theory?
Which of the following is a component of gender schema theory?
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How does media portrayal influence children's understanding of gender roles?
How does media portrayal influence children's understanding of gender roles?
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Which concept explains why boys might be less tolerated for cross-gender behavior?
Which concept explains why boys might be less tolerated for cross-gender behavior?
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What do societal labor divisions primarily reinforce in terms of gender?
What do societal labor divisions primarily reinforce in terms of gender?
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What role does self-socialization play in children's understanding of gender norms?
What role does self-socialization play in children's understanding of gender norms?
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Which of the following physiological categories exists at birth?
Which of the following physiological categories exists at birth?
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What is one effect of high androgen levels observed in children with CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)?
What is one effect of high androgen levels observed in children with CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)?
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How does testosterone influence boys' behavior in terms of aggression?
How does testosterone influence boys' behavior in terms of aggression?
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What is a common societal response to boys' aggression compared to girls' aggression?
What is a common societal response to boys' aggression compared to girls' aggression?
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At what age do children typically show preferences for same-gender peers?
At what age do children typically show preferences for same-gender peers?
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What bias was observed in children regarding their preferences for peers?
What bias was observed in children regarding their preferences for peers?
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Which factor contributes to the observed higher levels of aggression in boys compared to girls?
Which factor contributes to the observed higher levels of aggression in boys compared to girls?
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Study Notes
Intergroup Cognition Overview
- Implicit processing is automatic and uncontrollable, inaccessible to introspection.
- Explicit processing is conscious, controllable, and accessible through introspection.
- Implicit bias develops gradually, influenced by family, peers, and life experiences.
- Explicit bias forms through conscious interactions and changes with age.
- Social categories influence reasoning and social interactions, including friendships and group preferences.
- Ingroup preference generally emerges before outgroup aversion, typically around age 3-4 for preference and age 7 for dislike.
- Bias is shaped by direct experience, peers, family, media, and biological factors.
- Contact reduces bias, and explicit race bias peaks at age 7 and declines through adolescence.
- Children categorize spontaneously by age 6, demonstrating ingroup preference.
- Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures reaction time for concept associations (e.g., race and positivity/negativity).
- Studies show implicit White+Good/Black+Bad associations among European-Americans.
- Intergroup preferences remain consistent into adulthood.
Implicit Preference Studies by Ethnicity
- European Americans exhibit strong White+Good/Black+Bad associations.
- Findings in African Americans and Latino Americans reveal nuanced, similar ingroup-positive preferences but vary in strength.
Malleability of Implicit Bias
- Early-formed bias is relatively stable but can adapt to age and contextual changes.
- Interventions can potentially change implicit bias but require consistent exposure to counter-stereotypes.
Conclusion
- Explicit preferences evolve with age, but implicit biases generally show stability over time.
- Shared environments and experiences significantly contribute to both types of biases.
Sources of Bias (from Rudman's Reading)
- Early experiences, affective responses, cultural biases, and cognitive consistency shape implicit bias.
Core Aspects of Language and Development Stages
- Symbols are arbitrary pairings of words and meanings.
- Language is generative, encompassing the creation of new sentences and ideas from existing elements.
- Recursion refers to the ability to rephrase ideas without losing semantic meaning.
Parts of Language
- Phonemes are the smallest units in language (e.g., sounds).
- Morphemes are the smallest components of meaning (e.g., prefixes and suffixes).
- Syntax determines sentence structures; Chomsky's concept of principles and parameters suggests universal language structure.
- Pragmatics involves the non-verbal aspects impacting meaning (e.g., tone of voice).
Stages of Language Development
- Phonological development begins prenatally and is largely complete by 10 months.
- Semantic development rapidly follows, with substantial vocabulary acquisition after 10 months, especially nouns.
- Syntactic development involves simple two-word sentences emerging by age two, with more complex sentence structures developing gradually.
- Pragmatic development extends throughout life.
Quinean Reference Problem (QRP)
- The QRP describes challenges children face in understanding word meanings.
- Whole-object bias, mutual exclusivity, and basic-level phenomena all contribute to the difficulty in identifying precise word meanings.
- Linguistic cues such as grammatical structure can help disambiguate word meanings.
Theories of Language Development
- Behaviorism attributes language acquisition to reinforcement and rewards.
- Connectionism employs neural networks to model language acquisition.
- Statistical learning focuses on children's ability to detect patterns in language.
- Nativism suggests a built-in innate ability for language acquisition, supported by cases like Nicaraguan Sign Language.
Gender Development and Social Learning
- Four key processes in social learning theories involve attention, memory, motivation, and production of gender-relevant behaviors.
- Parental influence shapes gender-typed behaviors by rewarding or discouraging certain behaviors/interests.
- Gender socialization through conversations and observation reinforces gender norms.
- Gender schema theory details mental frameworks for understanding gender and active self-socialization to fit expectations.
- Social cognitive theory focuses on learning through tuition, active experiences, and observation.
- Gender asymmetry arises from contrasting pressures to adhere to traditionally masculine versus feminine roles.
Gender Development: Biological and Social Factors
- Beyond socialization, children display innate gender identity which suggests biological components.
- Gender identity is internal, not solely determined by physical sex.
- Hormones, like androgen levels, affect behavior and development.
- Animal studies using testosterone exposure suggest a biological influence on gender socialization.
Human Studies
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) provides insight into the impact of hormonal imbalances on gender development.
- Cognitive, motivational, and environmental factors interact to shape aggression and gender behavior.
- Studies on transgender children/adolscents illustrate attitudes and preference for same-gendered peers versus transgender peers.
- Gender identity development involves social, cognitive, and biological influences.
Implicit Cognition
- Implicit bias studies, such as those conducted by Baron & Banaji, illustrate developmental patterns of prejudice and intergroup bias.
- The explicit and implicit preferences for particular social groups fluctuate as a function of age and other factors.
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Description
Explore the complexities of intergroup cognition, including the distinctions between implicit and explicit processing. This quiz delves into how biases develop influenced by social categories, and how age impacts these biases. Understand the role of experiences and contact in reducing intergroup bias.
