Interferon-Induced Genes and Viral Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between disease and infection?

  • Disease involves signs and symptoms, while infection may be clinically unapparent. (correct)
  • Disease always leads to colonization, while infection does not.
  • Disease is caused by a viral genome, while infection is caused by bacteria.
  • Disease is always known, while infection may have an unknown etiology.

    • What does colonization refer to?

  • Introduction and growth of an organism in or on body tissues. (correct)
  • Introduction of worms into one's system.
  • Growth or multiplication of an organism in the blood.
  • Introduction of an infectious agent into a host cell.

    • What does tropism mean?

  • A preference for certain food types in the body.
  • The process of viral replication in the bloodstream.
  • The spread of disease from one organism to another.
  • The predilection to infect specific cells, tissues, or organs. (correct)

    • What defines viremia?

    <p>Presence of virions in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a viral infection where the virus is unable to successfully replicate and produce progeny virions within the host?

    <p>Non-productive infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral disease involves transmission and is responsible for contagion?

    <p>Incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viral disease progression, what is the first stage characterized by colonization of the body and cells?

    <p>Acquisition and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of cancer that can be caused by some strains of human papillomavirus?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of viral disease progression comes after the prodromal phase and involves either recovery or establishment of chronic infection?

    <p>Acute phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for general, non-specific symptoms such as fever and malaise during the first stage of viral disease?

    <p>The virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral disease progression can result in smoldering or relapsing infections?

    <p>Persistent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the development of disease from a virus' capacity to alter cell cycle regulatory processes?

    <p>Pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can make it easier for viruses to cause infection and disease?

    <p>Decrease in immune system response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of viral disease involves immune responses that can either limit the disease or contribute to it?

    <p>Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of viral disease progression involves acquisition and multiplication of a pathogen followed by clearance of the infection by the host's immune system?

    <p>Acute disease pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does transmission occur in viral disease progression?

    <p>Acquisition and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which mutations are frequently introduced during viral replication?

    <p>Antigenic shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immune-privileged sites in the body?

    <p>CNS, eyes, testicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gene products of a virus called?

    <p>Toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can influence the pathogenicity of a virus related to host susceptibility?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the skin and mucosa help prevent viral infections?

    <p>By producing inhibitory molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acute phase proteins in response to viral infections?

    <p>Induce fever and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) typically released upon?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death results in less inflammation due to intracellular membrane fragmentation?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors stimulate interferon gene expression in infected cells?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason some viruses may inhibit MHC class I receptor expression?

    <p>To signal infection to natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do type I interferons induce an antiviral state in infected cells?

    <p>Through autocrine and paracrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interferons are more specific to single stranded RNA viruses through toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8?

    <p>Type III interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'viral load' refer to?

    <p>The amount of virus in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'latent infection' refer to?

    <p>Persistent infection characterized by the presence of an intact viral genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an acute infection?

    <p>Self-limiting infection with a rapid onset and resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is invasiveness in the context of viruses?

    <p>Capacity of a virus to enter and cause tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to?

    <p>Morphological change to cells due to viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quasispecies?

    <p>Mixture of viruses derived from a common ancestral virus in a host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an abortive infection?

    <p>Viral infection that does not lead to the production of progeny virions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are host defenses?

    <p>Mechanisms used by the body to fight infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'transformation' in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Process through which healthy cells become cancerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'host damage' in the context of viral infections?

    <p>The loss of cellular, tissue, organ, or system function due to an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'slow infection'?

    <p>Infection with long symptom incubation period followed by rapid death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a virus?

    <p>An infectious agent capable of multiplying inside a living cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Host' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>An animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is typically transmitted through sexual contact?

    <p>Human Herpesvirus 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA viruses and retroviruses?

    <p>DNA viruses produce a DNA copy when invading a cell while retroviruses produce RNA copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'Viral Titer'?

    <p>The concentration of virus particles in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Recurrent Disease' refer to?

    <p>A disease that reappears after being dormant for an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'MOI' stands for:

    <p>Multiplicity of Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Prion Disease' result from?

    <p>Incorrect folding of prion proteins in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus typically causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth?

    <p>Human Herpesvirus 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To protect the body from foreign substances and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'Endothelial Transmigration'?

    <p>The process of leukocytes passing from blood to tissues through endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?

    <p>Promoting tumor formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does human herpesvirus 8 contribute to Kaposi Sarcoma?

    <p>Promoting cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are viroceptors?

    <p>Viral homologs of host cytokines or chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two roles does the E6 protein play in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?

    <p>Degrading p53 and inactivating a cell cycle inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the HBV X protein play in hepatocellular carcinoma?

    <p>Activating transcription of cell genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does persistent hepatitis B or C virus infection contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma?

    <p>Leading to liver inflammation and increased hepatocyte proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of mechanisms that increase viral virulence?

    <p>Altering viral replication and host defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma are caused by the translocation of the c-myc gene?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do all viruses require dividing cells to access the cell's replication machinery?

    <p>No, some viruses can integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are interferons?

    <p>A family of cytokines produced in response to viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic drift?

    <p>A process causing random changes in viral genes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication, particularly during an influenza infection?

    <p>Mx proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?

    <p>Contribute to viral genome degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of caspase 1 in the immune response to viral infections?

    <p>Activating pro-IL-18 into its biologically active form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates an increase in cellular concentrations of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase and RNase L for virus replication control?

    <p>Type 1 interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are activated by IL-18 in acquired responses to promote action against viruses and cancer cells?

    <p>NK cells and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in the immune response?

    <p>Destroying pathogens and antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor helps macrophages recognize a virus's own antigens in biology?

    <p>Toll-like receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) play a critical role in biology by helping to recognize:

    <p>-ssRNA virus's own antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is responsible for directly targeting and destroying harmful cells in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Memory T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell surface protein is critical in presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells in order to activate them?

    <p>MHC-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cell is responsible for modifying viral genomes and inhibiting viral replication?

    <p>APOBEC enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines trigger the differentiation of naive T cells into TH1 cells that help activate CD8+ T cells?

    <p>IL-12 &amp; IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the immune response against viruses?

    <p>NK cells recognize and remove infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte secretes cytokines to enhance the activity of immune cells involved in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>TH1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutralization by immunoglobulins in response to viruses?

    <p>&quot;Blocking&quot; viruses from infecting other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Cross-presentation" involves the acquisition of exogenous antigens by a cell for presentation to which type of immune cell?

    <p>CD8+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Persistent infection" occurs when a virus continues to replicate in the body and can potentially lead to what kind of illness?

    <p>&quot;Chronic&quot; illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

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