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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between disease and infection?
What is the difference between disease and infection?
- Disease involves signs and symptoms, while infection may be clinically unapparent. (correct)
- Disease always leads to colonization, while infection does not.
- Disease is caused by a viral genome, while infection is caused by bacteria.
- Disease is always known, while infection may have an unknown etiology.
What does colonization refer to?
What does colonization refer to?
- Introduction and growth of an organism in or on body tissues. (correct)
- Introduction of worms into one's system.
- Growth or multiplication of an organism in the blood.
- Introduction of an infectious agent into a host cell.
What does tropism mean?
What does tropism mean?
- A preference for certain food types in the body.
- The process of viral replication in the bloodstream.
- The spread of disease from one organism to another.
- The predilection to infect specific cells, tissues, or organs. (correct)
What defines viremia?
What defines viremia?
What is the term for a viral infection where the virus is unable to successfully replicate and produce progeny virions within the host?
What is the term for a viral infection where the virus is unable to successfully replicate and produce progeny virions within the host?
Which stage of viral disease involves transmission and is responsible for contagion?
Which stage of viral disease involves transmission and is responsible for contagion?
In viral disease progression, what is the first stage characterized by colonization of the body and cells?
In viral disease progression, what is the first stage characterized by colonization of the body and cells?
What is the term for a type of cancer that can be caused by some strains of human papillomavirus?
What is the term for a type of cancer that can be caused by some strains of human papillomavirus?
Which phase of viral disease progression comes after the prodromal phase and involves either recovery or establishment of chronic infection?
Which phase of viral disease progression comes after the prodromal phase and involves either recovery or establishment of chronic infection?
What is responsible for general, non-specific symptoms such as fever and malaise during the first stage of viral disease?
What is responsible for general, non-specific symptoms such as fever and malaise during the first stage of viral disease?
Which stage of viral disease progression can result in smoldering or relapsing infections?
Which stage of viral disease progression can result in smoldering or relapsing infections?
What refers to the development of disease from a virus' capacity to alter cell cycle regulatory processes?
What refers to the development of disease from a virus' capacity to alter cell cycle regulatory processes?
Which factor can make it easier for viruses to cause infection and disease?
Which factor can make it easier for viruses to cause infection and disease?
What stage of viral disease involves immune responses that can either limit the disease or contribute to it?
What stage of viral disease involves immune responses that can either limit the disease or contribute to it?
Which pattern of viral disease progression involves acquisition and multiplication of a pathogen followed by clearance of the infection by the host's immune system?
Which pattern of viral disease progression involves acquisition and multiplication of a pathogen followed by clearance of the infection by the host's immune system?
In which phase does transmission occur in viral disease progression?
In which phase does transmission occur in viral disease progression?
What is the process by which mutations are frequently introduced during viral replication?
What is the process by which mutations are frequently introduced during viral replication?
What are immune-privileged sites in the body?
What are immune-privileged sites in the body?
What are gene products of a virus called?
What are gene products of a virus called?
What factor can influence the pathogenicity of a virus related to host susceptibility?
What factor can influence the pathogenicity of a virus related to host susceptibility?
How can the skin and mucosa help prevent viral infections?
How can the skin and mucosa help prevent viral infections?
What is the role of acute phase proteins in response to viral infections?
What is the role of acute phase proteins in response to viral infections?
What are danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) typically released upon?
What are danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) typically released upon?
Which type of cell death results in less inflammation due to intracellular membrane fragmentation?
Which type of cell death results in less inflammation due to intracellular membrane fragmentation?
What type of receptors stimulate interferon gene expression in infected cells?
What type of receptors stimulate interferon gene expression in infected cells?
What is one reason some viruses may inhibit MHC class I receptor expression?
What is one reason some viruses may inhibit MHC class I receptor expression?
How do type I interferons induce an antiviral state in infected cells?
How do type I interferons induce an antiviral state in infected cells?
Which interferons are more specific to single stranded RNA viruses through toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8?
Which interferons are more specific to single stranded RNA viruses through toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8?
What does the term 'viral load' refer to?
What does the term 'viral load' refer to?
What does the term 'latent infection' refer to?
What does the term 'latent infection' refer to?
What is the main characteristic of an acute infection?
What is the main characteristic of an acute infection?
What is invasiveness in the context of viruses?
What is invasiveness in the context of viruses?
What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to?
What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to?
What is a quasispecies?
What is a quasispecies?
What defines an abortive infection?
What defines an abortive infection?
What are host defenses?
What are host defenses?
What is meant by 'transformation' in the context of viral infections?
What is meant by 'transformation' in the context of viral infections?
What is 'host damage' in the context of viral infections?
What is 'host damage' in the context of viral infections?
What is a 'slow infection'?
What is a 'slow infection'?
What is the definition of a virus?
What is the definition of a virus?
What does the term 'Host' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
What does the term 'Host' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
Which virus is typically transmitted through sexual contact?
Which virus is typically transmitted through sexual contact?
What is the primary difference between DNA viruses and retroviruses?
What is the primary difference between DNA viruses and retroviruses?
What is the meaning of 'Viral Titer'?
What is the meaning of 'Viral Titer'?
Which virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults?
Which virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults?
What does 'Recurrent Disease' refer to?
What does 'Recurrent Disease' refer to?
'MOI' stands for:
'MOI' stands for:
What does 'Prion Disease' result from?
What does 'Prion Disease' result from?
Which virus typically causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth?
Which virus typically causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the significance of 'Endothelial Transmigration'?
What is the significance of 'Endothelial Transmigration'?
What is the role of the E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?
What is the role of the E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?
How does human herpesvirus 8 contribute to Kaposi Sarcoma?
How does human herpesvirus 8 contribute to Kaposi Sarcoma?
What are viroceptors?
What are viroceptors?
What two roles does the E6 protein play in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?
What two roles does the E6 protein play in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?
What role does the HBV X protein play in hepatocellular carcinoma?
What role does the HBV X protein play in hepatocellular carcinoma?
How does persistent hepatitis B or C virus infection contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma?
How does persistent hepatitis B or C virus infection contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma?
What are some examples of mechanisms that increase viral virulence?
What are some examples of mechanisms that increase viral virulence?
What percentage of cases of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma are caused by the translocation of the c-myc gene?
What percentage of cases of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma are caused by the translocation of the c-myc gene?
Do all viruses require dividing cells to access the cell's replication machinery?
Do all viruses require dividing cells to access the cell's replication machinery?
What are interferons?
What are interferons?
What is genetic drift?
What is genetic drift?
Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication, particularly during an influenza infection?
Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication, particularly during an influenza infection?
What is the purpose of APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?
What is the purpose of APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?
What is the role of caspase 1 in the immune response to viral infections?
What is the role of caspase 1 in the immune response to viral infections?
What stimulates an increase in cellular concentrations of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase and RNase L for virus replication control?
What stimulates an increase in cellular concentrations of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase and RNase L for virus replication control?
Which cells are activated by IL-18 in acquired responses to promote action against viruses and cancer cells?
Which cells are activated by IL-18 in acquired responses to promote action against viruses and cancer cells?
What is the primary function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in the immune response?
Which receptor helps macrophages recognize a virus's own antigens in biology?
Which receptor helps macrophages recognize a virus's own antigens in biology?
'Pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) play a critical role in biology by helping to recognize:
'Pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) play a critical role in biology by helping to recognize:
Which immune cell type is responsible for directly targeting and destroying harmful cells in cell-mediated immunity?
Which immune cell type is responsible for directly targeting and destroying harmful cells in cell-mediated immunity?
Which cell surface protein is critical in presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells in order to activate them?
Which cell surface protein is critical in presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells in order to activate them?
What type of white blood cell is responsible for modifying viral genomes and inhibiting viral replication?
What type of white blood cell is responsible for modifying viral genomes and inhibiting viral replication?
Which cytokines trigger the differentiation of naive T cells into TH1 cells that help activate CD8+ T cells?
Which cytokines trigger the differentiation of naive T cells into TH1 cells that help activate CD8+ T cells?
What is the function of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the immune response against viruses?
What is the function of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the immune response against viruses?
Which type of lymphocyte secretes cytokines to enhance the activity of immune cells involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Which type of lymphocyte secretes cytokines to enhance the activity of immune cells involved in cell-mediated immunity?
What is the primary function of neutralization by immunoglobulins in response to viruses?
What is the primary function of neutralization by immunoglobulins in response to viruses?
"Cross-presentation" involves the acquisition of exogenous antigens by a cell for presentation to which type of immune cell?
"Cross-presentation" involves the acquisition of exogenous antigens by a cell for presentation to which type of immune cell?
"Persistent infection" occurs when a virus continues to replicate in the body and can potentially lead to what kind of illness?
"Persistent infection" occurs when a virus continues to replicate in the body and can potentially lead to what kind of illness?
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