Interferon-Induced Genes and Viral Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of infection?

  • Any deviation from the normal structure or function of a body part
  • Accompanied by growth or multiplication of an organism in the body
  • Introduction of the viral genome into a host cell
  • Presence of an organism in or on any body cell, tissue, organ, or system resulting in disease (correct)

    • What is the difference between colonization and infection?

  • Colonization is always permanent while infection is transient
  • Colonization involves growth or multiplication of organisms while infection does not
  • Infection leads to disease while colonization may not (correct)
  • Infection is the introduction of organisms into the body while colonization is their presence

    • What does tropism refer to?

  • Presence of virions in the blood
  • Predilection to infect certain cells, tissues, organs, or systems (correct)
  • Introduction of the viral genome into a host cell
  • Transmission of a disease organism from one host to another

    • What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?

    <p>Transmits a disease organism from one host to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a cyclic or periodic disease?

    <p>A disease with symptoms that appear regularly, followed by asymptomatic periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is typically transmitted through kissing or sharing drinks/utensils and causes cold sores?

    <p>Human Herpesvirus 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the immune system?

    <p>To protect the body from foreign substances and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a slow infection?

    <p>Long incubation period, often more than a year, before symptoms show</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Latent' mean in the context of diseases?

    <p>Present and capable of emerging but not currently active or symptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes the flu in humans and animals?

    <p>Influenza A Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'MOI' stands for:

    <p>Multiplicity of Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'ID50' refer to?

    <p>The amount of virus required to cause infection in 50% of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Prion disease'?

    <p>A neurodegenerative disorder caused by prion proteins that have folded incorrectly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Viral Titer'?

    <p>The concentration of virus particles in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral replication process leads to changes in viral characteristics and the emergence of different strains?

    <p>Antigenic shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sites in the body that tend to be relatively hermetic to the immune system due to their importance?

    <p>Immune-privileged sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the gene products of a virus typically called?

    <p>Toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pathogenicity and viral infections?

    <p>Specific relationship between a virus and its host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some host factors that can influence the pathogenicity of a virus?

    <p>Disruptions in immune response genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external factors can influence the pathogenicity of a virus?

    <p>Geography and seasonality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the stage in viral disease when the virus successfully replicates and produces progeny virions within the host?

    <p>Productive viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral disease is characterized by general, non-specific symptoms such as fever and malaise?

    <p>Acquisition and Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viral disease progression, which stage involves colonization of the body and cells by the virus?

    <p>Acquisition and Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to the progression of viral disease during the stages outlined in the text?

    <p>Non-specific symptoms, characteristic signs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection pattern involves the pathogen remaining in the body and continuing to multiply either continuously or intermittently?

    <p>Persistent Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for contagion in viral disease progression?

    <p>Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of viral disease does the host either completely clear the infection or become permanently infected?

    <p>Resolution of Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral disease involves amplification and spreading of the virus to secondary sites of infection?

    <p>Incubation Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the development of disease due to a virus' ability to alter cell cycle regulatory processes even without successful replication?

    <p>Pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral disease is characterized by characteristic signs and symptoms caused by the virus?

    <p>Replication in Target Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection occurs when a virus is unable to successfully replicate and produce progeny virions within the host?

    <p>Non-productive viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of viral disease progression involves acquisition and multiplication of a pathogen followed by clearance of the infection by the host's immune system?

    <p>Acute Disease Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which virokines and viroceptors alter host defense mechanisms?

    <p>Interacting with host cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of viruses is more susceptible to disinfection methods and immune responses?

    <p>Naked Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some enveloped viruses contribute to disease by cell lysis?

    <p>By causing direct cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of persistent hepatitis B or C virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma development?

    <p>Chronic liver inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does the HBV X protein play in tumorigenesis?

    <p>Activating transcription of cell genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contribution of human herpesvirus 8 to Kaposi Sarcoma development?

    <p>Promoting cell growth and preventing apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do some naked viruses differ from other naked viruses like human papillomaviruses?

    <p>Not causing cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that viruses use to evade immune responses?

    <p>Promoting interferon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interferons in the immune response to viruses?

    <p>Serving as the first line of defense against viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?

    <p>It binds the Cdk-dependent pRb E2f transcriptional repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some enveloped viruses contribute to disease development?

    <p>Through factors that promote cell growth and prevent apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main roles played by the E6 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus?

    <p>Complexing with p53 and a ubiquitin-protein ligase, leading to p53 degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interferon-induced gene is responsible for impeding (-)ssRNA virus replication?

    <p>Mx genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of APOBEC proteins during a viral infection?

    <p>Inhibiting DNA virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections?

    <p>IL-18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Caspase 1 play in the immune response to viral infections?

    <p>Activating pro-IL-18 into its biologically active form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are activated by IL-18 in acquired responses to combat viruses and cancer cells?

    <p>NK cells and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of high IFN-γ-producing non-cytotoxic CTLs during viral infections?

    <p>Controlling viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)' are important because they:

    <p>Recognize a virus's own antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'PAMP-PRR interactions' primarily lead to:

    <p>Cytokine secretions like IL-12 and TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Type 1 IFNs' lead to the establishment of a TH1 response by:

    <p>Leading to the migration of armed CTLs to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of IFN-gamma in the immune response to viral infections?

    <p>Eliciting non-cytotoxic viral clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct effect on the immune system due to the infiltration of IFN-gamma-secreting CD4+, CD8+ T-cells in an area?

    <p>Stimulation of immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the capacity of a virus to enter and cause damage to a tissue?

    <p>Invasiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a viral infection that does not lead to the production of progeny virions?

    <p>Abortive infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which healthy cells become transformed into cancer cells?

    <p>Transforming infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measured quantity of virus in plasma (blood)?

    <p>Viral load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the loss of virulence in an organism?

    <p>Attenuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for low-level viral replication despite an efficient immune response?

    <p>Smoldering infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a self-limiting infection usually associated with a rapid onset and resolution?

    <p>Acute infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the viral load that the body settles at within a few weeks to months after infection?

    <p>Viral set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nonessential gene that, when expressed, increases the virulence of an organism?

    <p>Virulence factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'latent infection' refer to?

    <p>Persistent infection characterized by presence of an intact viral genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dead-end pathways in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Pathways that prevent successful virus replication and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are host defenses in the context of viral infections?

    <p>The mechanisms used by the body to fight against viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells play a role in regulating the immune system by suppressing pro-inflammatory responses and promoting anti-inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Treg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are able to recognize and kill virus-infected cells as part of an immune response?

    <p>CTLs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigen-presenting cell is highly efficient at capturing and presenting antigens, particularly from intracellular pathogens?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of enzymes can modify viral genomes and inhibit viral replication?

    <p>APOBEC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein plays a critical role in presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells and activating them?

    <p>MHC-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves exogenous antigens being acquired by a cell through endocytosis and then presented by MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T cells?

    <p>Cross-presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the immune response?

    <p>Helping NK cells remove infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Immunoglobulin isotypes" refer to:

    <p>&quot;Different classes of antibodies&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

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