Intelligence: Genetics and Environment
39 Questions
20 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a primary purpose of non-verbal IQ tests?

  • To assess educational qualifications
  • To measure verbal fluency across different cultures
  • To determine socioeconomic status
  • To eliminate cultural biases and language issues (correct)

    • Which individual is credited with the development of the first IQ test?

  • Lewis Terman
  • Francis Galton
  • James Flynn
  • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (correct)

    • What concept did Terman promote through his military tests?

  • Equal access to education for all
  • Eugenics and selective breeding (correct)
  • Universal design for learning
  • Cultural relativism in testing

    • Which aspect of intelligence assessments can lead to discrimination against certain groups?

    <p>They are designed based on the language, values, and experiences of dominant cultural groups. (culturally biased) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term used to describe the observable characteristics of an organism?

    <p>Phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'polygenic' refer to in genetics?

    <p>Traits determined by the interaction of multiple genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean IQ score typically considered to represent average intelligence?

    <p>100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Raven's Progressive Matrices is most accurate?

    <p>It aims to reduce cultural biases by using non-verbal items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence involves the ability to solve new problems without using prior knowledge?

    <p>Fluid intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is commonly associated with assessing general intelligence?

    <p>Stanford-Binet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is suggested to improve IQ outcomes significantly in children according to early studies?

    <p>An enriched family environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that firstborn children tend to be smarter due to spending more time with intelligent adults?

    <p>Confluence model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Flynn effect primarily attributed to?

    <p>Environmental changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT commonly cited as influencing intelligence?

    <p>Distance from educational institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does nutrition have on IQ in children with poor diets, according to Benton and Roberts?

    <p>Improves IQ in children with previously poor nutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation associated with estimating heritability in intelligence?

    <p>It cannot account for environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study specifically examined the genetic basis of IQ using twins?

    <p>Bouchard and McGue study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation found by Elardo et al. regarding family environment and IQ?

    <p>0.72 for 24 months with IQ at 3 years (C), 0.44 for 6 months with IQ at 4.5 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of Benton and Roberts regarding dietary supplements and IQ improvement?

    <p>Only children with poor nutrition showed improved IQ. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does the confluence model attribute to the cognitive development differences observed in first-born children?

    <p>More time spent with intelligent adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the dilution model proposed by Blake, how does the number of siblings affect a child's cognitive environment?

    <p>Parental resources are spread thinner among more siblings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Owen et al.'s study on cognitive training in 11-year-olds?

    <p>Improvements were specific to the tasks trained on, with no generalized benefits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the finding that first-born children might be smarter, according to the content provided?

    <p>Interactions with adults are more beneficial than with peers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Burt advise the British government to utilize for determining students' educational paths?

    <p>Aptitude tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main criticism of traditional IQ tests?

    <p>They exhibit cultural bias and favor privileged backgrounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence does Raven's Progressive Matrices primarily assess?

    <p>Fluid intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher's studies indicated that highly intelligent individuals are typically healthy and stable rather than misfits?

    <p>Lewis Terman (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Galton's view of intelligence?

    <p>It is a product of genetic factors and natural selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodological concern exists regarding the studies conducted by Burt on intelligence?

    <p>The results were potentially fabricated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following trends in intelligence is considered polygenic?

    <p>Intelligence being influenced by multiple genes interacting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mean IQ score of 100 in population IQ distribution?

    <p>It is the average score, indicating normal distribution among individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the physical manifestation of an individual's genetic makeup?

    <p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of intelligence, what does the dilutive effect refer to?

    <p>The negative impact on cognitive development from a large sibling group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence represents the ability to utilize knowledge acquired through schooling?

    <p>Crystallized intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism is commonly directed at the atheoretical view of intelligence?

    <p>It ignores the correlation between IQ and performance on other measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Catell's theory of intelligence?

    <p>Multiple constructs of intelligence including fluid and crystallized intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement tool is commonly used to assess general intelligence?

    <p>Stanford-Binet test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the covariance between inheritance and environment refer to in intelligence studies?

    <p>The interaction of genetic predispositions with external factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the generalized intelligence view conceptualize the influence of intelligence on cognitive performance?

    <p>It identifies a single construct that affects all cognitive functioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is IQ?

    A score that measures an individual's intellectual abilities.

    Who is Alfred Binet?

    Developed the first IQ test to assess student abilities in an educational setting.

    What is non-verbal intelligence?

    This type of intelligence can be tested without language, making it less susceptible to cultural biases.

    What is the theory of genetic determinism?

    This theory suggests that intelligence is inherited and passed down through generations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is a polygenic trait?

    A characteristic influenced by multiple genes working together.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the method of studying degree of genetic relatedness?

    Observing individuals with varying genetic relatedness helps decipher the genetic influence on a trait.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is phenotype?

    The observable physical traits of an organism.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is genotype?

    The genetic makeup of an organism, including its genes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the generalised intelligence view?

    The idea that intelligence is a single, general ability that influences all cognitive functions. This means individuals with higher general intelligence will perform well across various cognitive tasks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Define fluid intelligence.

    The ability to solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. It's about thinking flexibly and finding solutions in unfamiliar situations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is crystallised intelligence?

    The ability to use previously acquired knowledge and skills. It reflects learning and experience, often shaped by formal education.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the purpose of twin studies in intelligence research?

    These studies examine identical and fraternal twins to understand the relative impact of genetic and environmental factors on intelligence.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the prenatal environment?

    The environment that surrounds a developing fetus, including factors like the mother's health and lifestyle.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    How does the family environment affect IQ?

    The correlation between IQ and a stimulating and enriching environment. A good environment can contribute to higher IQ scores.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the issue of covariance between inheritance and environment?

    This phenomenon highlights the difficulty in separating genetic and environmental influences on intelligence. Intelligent parents may provide a stimulating environment that further enhances their children's intellectual development.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the transactional process in intelligence development?

    The idea that intelligent children may elicit more intelligent responses from adults, leading to further intellectual growth.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the Flynn effect?

    The long-term increase in average IQ scores observed across generations. It suggests that environmental factors have a significant impact on intelligence.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Diet Supplements and IQ

    Dietary supplements can improve IQ in children with poor nutrition, but not in those with a balanced diet.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Specificity of Cognitive Training

    Cognitive training can improve performance on specific tasks, but these benefits don't transfer to other areas of cognition.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    First-Born Advantage

    First-born children may have higher IQs due to more time spent interacting with intelligent adults.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dilution Model

    As the number of siblings increases, parental resources per child decrease, potentially affecting cognitive development.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    IQ and Real-World Outcomes

    The correlation between IQ and academic performance, problem-solving, and career success is strong.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Genetic Determinism

    Intelligence is a product of inheritance, and superior genes are passed down through generations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Eugenics

    The practice of selectively breeding individuals with desirable traits, used to promote certain characteristics.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    IQ

    A statistical measure of intelligence, typically calculated based on tests designed to assess cognitive abilities.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    IQ Tests

    Tests that assess intellectual ability, often used for educational or occupational purposes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Non-Verbal Intelligence

    A type of intelligence that is independent of language or cultural knowledge, often measured through non-verbal tasks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    General Intelligence

    The view that intelligence is a single, general ability that influences all cognitive functions, often assessed through an IQ score.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Degree of genetic relatedness

    Studying individuals with different levels of genetic relatedness to understand the influence of genes on a trait.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Atheoretical view of intelligence

    The correlation between IQ tests and other measures like academic performance, problem-solving, and career and income.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Intelligence: Genetics and Environment

    • IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a measure of intelligence, assessed through verbal and non-verbal tests. Non-verbal tests reduce cultural bias. IQ is the intelligent quotient index of an individual’s intelligence score.
    • Pioneering figures:
      • Francis Galton proposed intelligence is genetically determined, a product of natural selection.
      • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the first IQ test for educational assessment.
      • Lewis Terman and Maud Merrill developed the Stanford-Binet Scale, a longitudinal study of gifted children. Terman studied highly intelligent individuals who were healthy and stable, not weak or misfits.
      • Terman also created military intelligence tests (alpha and beta) to assign soldiers to tasks. He promoted eugenics.
      • Cyril Burt advised the British government on aptitude tests for school placement, suggesting intelligence determined social class. His findings were later questioned.
    • Issues with IQ tests:
      • Cultural bias exists in test design and standardization procedures.
      • Socioeconomic status and race can affect results, potentially leading to discrimination.
      • Raven's Progressive Matrices is a non-verbal test designed to address these issues.
    • Recent tests: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Adult Scale of Intelligence (WASI) assess both verbal and non-verbal intelligence, encompassing crystallized and fluid intelligence.
    • Genetic and Environmental Influence:
      • Genotype: An organism's genetic makeup.
      • Phenotype: Observable physical and behavioral characteristics, influenced by both genotype and environment. Includes both genotype and phenotype.
      • Degree of genetic relatedness: Studying individuals with varying degrees of genetic relatedness provides insights into the genetic basis of intelligence.
      • Polygenic: Traits determined by multiple genes interacting. Population IQ scores follow a normal distribution, centered around a mean of 100. Height and other traits display similar patterns.
      • Atheoretical view: Some view intelligence as simply what IQ tests measure. There is no theory of intelligence that will determine what questions should be included in an IQ test. Intelligence is what IQ tests measure.
      • Correlation, not causation: IQ tests correlate with academic performance, problem-solving, and career success, but do not prove direct causation. But there is a correlation between IQ tests and other measures like academic performance, problem solving, and career and income.
    • Twin studies:
      • Research on twins (especially identical or monozygotic twins) helps separate genetic and environmental factors affecting intelligence.
      • Bouchard and McGue's twin study (1981) demonstrated a genetic component, with high correlations in IQ scores of identical twins raised apart.
    • Environmental factors:
      • Prenatal environment (mother's health, habits) and early childhood experiences significantly influence cognitive development.
      • Stimulating family environments support higher IQ outcomes. (e.g., Elardo et al. (1975)).
      • Covariance between heredity and environment: Intelligent children often have intelligent parents who create intellectually enriching home environments.
    • Nutrition & Training:
      • Diet supplements can benefit children with poor nutrition, but not necessarily those already well-nourished. (e.g., Benton and Roberts).
      • Cognitive training improves performance on targeted tasks but may not generalize to other skills or everyday life. (e.g., Owen et al. (2010)).
      • Owen et al. (2010) study involved 430 11-year-old participants in a 6-week cognitive training program involving reasoning, memory, planning, visuospatial skills, and attention. Improvement was seen on targeted tasks but not in other areas.
    • Birth Order and Intelligence:
      • Some studies suggest first-born children might have an advantage, but results are not conclusive.
      • Zajonc's Confluence model argues that first-borns spend more time with intelligent adults, creating a stimulating environment.
      • Blake's Dilution model suggests that more siblings lead to less individual parental attention. Parental finite resources: Dilution model (Blake). It suggests that as the number of siblings increases, parental time and resources allocated to each child decrease, resulting in a less stimulating environment.
    • Flynn Effect:
      • The observed increase in average IQ scores over time (Flynn Effect) is attributed to environmental changes rather than evolution.

    Important Considerations

    • Heritability estimates based on population data may not apply directly to individual cases.
    • It is challenging to disentangle the precise influence of genetics and environment on intelligence.
    • Transactions between parent-child interactions and cognitive development are complex and influenced by multiple factors.

    Single vs. Multiple Constructs of intelligence

    • A single construct? A generalised intelligence view suggests a single construct influencing all cognitive functioning, demonstrated through correlations of performances on different tests. Measures include: Stanford-Binet and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.
    • A multiple construct? Cattell proposed multiple and fluid intelligence.
      • Fluid intelligence: The ability to solve new problems without using prior knowledge.
      • Crystallised intelligence: The ability to use previously acquired knowledge (learned from school)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the complexities of intelligence as influenced by genetics and environmental factors. This quiz covers key figures in intelligence testing, including Binet and Terman, and addresses cultural biases in IQ assessments. Understand how these elements interact to shape our understanding of intelligence.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser