Intelligence Analysis in Crime Control

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Questions and Answers

Which social factors are highlighted as important for controlling social deviancy?

  • Crime rates and police presence
  • Poverty and turnover of residents (correct)
  • Education levels and community involvement
  • Access to technology and healthcare

What is the primary goal of intelligence analysis in crime analysis?

  • To measure overall crime rates
  • To analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies
  • To report crimes committed by citizens
  • To assist in identifying networks and preventing criminal activity (correct)

Which type of data collection is considered crucial for intelligence analysis?

  • Crime reports from law enforcement
  • Surveillance and informants (correct)
  • Statistical surveys from the public
  • Public opinion polls about crime

What recent focus has intelligence analysis taken following the events of September 11, 2001?

<p>Terrorist activity at the local level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of crime mapping?

<p>To highlight suspicious incidents for further investigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does crime analysis mapping utilize as part of its process?

<p>Geographic information systems in combination with crime analysis techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social controls, which institutions are mentioned as having a role?

<p>Schools and religious places (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of crime mapping?

<p>Formulating laws based on crime statistics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does intelligence analysis typically prioritize?

<p>Qualitative data gathered from various sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does crime mapping assist law enforcement agencies?

<p>By identifying hot spots for resource allocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is critical for displaying the analysis in intelligence analysis?

<p>Putting analysis in an easy-to-understand framework (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question is relevant to the geographical analysis of crime?

<p>Where do offenders live? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges in areas with social disorganization?

<p>Hindered development of social networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of linking different data sources in crime analysis mapping?

<p>It provides a comprehensive view of crime dynamics in a geographic area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes crime mapping's relation to offender behavior?

<p>Understanding offender travel patterns is essential to crime mapping. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of crime mapping as defined in the provided content?

<p>It combines practical issues with geographical research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of administrative crime analysis?

<p>Decision of how to present information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is NOT typically considered an audience for administrative crime analysis?

<p>Research analysts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does strategic crime analysis primarily use to investigate problems?

<p>Statistical techniques and research methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should information presented in administrative crime analysis be simple and clear?

<p>To make it accessible to diverse audiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential characteristic of the information presented in administrative crime analysis?

<p>It may only represent the 'tip of the iceberg' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when presenting information in administrative crime analysis?

<p>The political implications of the findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of administrative crime analysis?

<p>Using the Internet to inform the general public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should information published by police on their Internet site avoid disclosing?

<p>Personal identifying information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do bar charts in mapping represent?

<p>Frequencies of values within variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does density mapping display concentration of incidents?

<p>Shading surfaces based on incident concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of interactive crime mapping platforms?

<p>They are often too simplistic for detailed analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the height of the bars in bar charts indicate?

<p>Frequency of specific incidents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using maps that shade based on incident concentration?

<p>To identify small variations in crime levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data is used in density mapping?

<p>Point data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interactive crime mapping allow users to do?

<p>Conduct basic crime mapping over the Internet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are nightclubs depicted in bar chart mapping?

<p>With varying heights of bars based on incident counts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitated the experimentation with crime mapping in police departments in the early 1980s?

<p>Advancements in client-server technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city partnered with a private consulting firm to promote crime mapping for community involvement?

<p>Hartford (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution collaborated with the Kansas City Police Department to enhance narcotics enforcement strategies?

<p>Carnegie Mellon University (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary focuses of the crime mapping program initiated through the partnerships?

<p>Using geographic police data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which city did the police department map drug incidents and markets as part of an experimental crime mapping system?

<p>San Diego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did researchers and practitioners view geographically based data in relation to crime mapping initiatives?

<p>As crucial for targeting problem-solving strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the aims of the project funded by the National Institute of Justice in relation to drug markets?

<p>To track drug market movements over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the partnerships between researchers and police departments concerning crime mapping?

<p>Development of crime control initiatives using GIS tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of criminal investigative analysis?

<p>To create patterns of serial crimes for linking cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily examined in tactical crime analysis?

<p>Recent criminal incidents and their specifics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of crime scenes is considered in criminal investigative analysis?

<p>The spatial characteristics of incidents and locations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Criminal investigative analysis is primarily conducted at what level of law enforcement?

<p>Federal law enforcement agencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crime does tactical crime analysis mainly focus on?

<p>Recent crimes reported to the police (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the data points that tactical crime analysis examines?

<p>Date, time, and type of location of the crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of analysis involves constructing a profile of an unknown offender?

<p>Criminal investigative analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is most relevant in tactical crime analysis?

<p>Field information like suspicious activity calls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crime mapping

A tool that uses geographic data to pinpoint crime hotspots and understand crime patterns. It combines maps with crime statistics to identify areas with high crime rates and assists in resource allocation.

Crime Analysis Mapping

The process of analyzing crime patterns using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It goes beyond simply marking crime locations on a map, it uses GIS to analyze the spatial relationships of crime data.

Crime Hotspots

Areas with a high concentration of criminal activity, often identified by crime mapping.

Place and Environmental Design

The study of how physical environment influences crime. It focuses on how elements like street design, lighting, and building layout can contribute to crime.

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Crime Incidence Situationer

A type of crime mapping that focuses on understanding the spatial distribution of various types of crimes. It provides visual representations of where different crimes are occurring.

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Crime Analysis

The process of analyzing crime patterns and trends to identify potential criminal suspects or offenders.

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A system that integrates and analyzes various types of data, such as crime data, census information, and school records, to understand relationships and patterns.

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Theories of Crime

The study of factors that influence crime, such as individual characteristics, social conditions, and environmental factors.

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Crime Mapping Implementation

Police departments began experimenting with crime mapping to enhance their daily operations.

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NIJ-funded Crime Mapping Projects

The National Institute of Justice funded a program involving multiple U.S. cities to test the use of innovative analysis techniques in studying drug markets and tracking their movements over time.

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Jersey City Project

In Jersey City, researchers and law enforcement collaborated to assess the effectiveness of problem-oriented policing strategies in reducing violent crimes.

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Hartford Project

Hartford, Connecticut, partnered with a consulting firm to integrate crime mapping into community crime prevention efforts.

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San Diego Project

The San Diego Police Department, in collaboration with the Police Executive Research Forum, developed a crime mapping system to visualize drug-related incidents and markets.

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Pittsburgh Project

Carnegie Mellon University and the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police worked together to create thematic maps that depicted crime patterns over time.

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Kansas City Project

The Kansas City Police Department and the Crime Control Institute collaborated to develop a strategy aimed at reducing violence and disorder associated with drug sales in residential areas.

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Collective efficacy

The ability of a community to prevent crime and maintain order. It's built on strong social networks and institutions, like family, school, and religious groups.

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Social disorganization

When a community suffers from things like high poverty levels, a lot of residents moving in and out, and weak social connections. This makes it harder to control crime.

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Intelligence analysis

The kind of crime analysis that gathers information on organized criminal activities, like drug dealing or prostitution rings. It helps police track down criminals and stop their operations.

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Crime data

It refers to the data used in crime analysis. It might include crime reports, victim statements, police observations, and even information from informants.

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Poverty

A key factor influencing collective efficacy. High poverty rates can weaken community ties and make crime control more difficult.

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Resident turnover

Significant changes in resident populations. People moving into and out of a neighborhood can weaken social connections and community cohesion.

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Outmigration

When people leave a community, often seeking better opportunities or escaping problems. Emigration can weaken social networks and contribute to social disorganization.

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Criminal Investigative Analysis

The process of studying serial criminals, victims, and crime scenes to identify patterns and link crimes together.

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Offender Profiling

A profile of an unknown offender created by analyzing the crime, evidence, and victim characteristics.

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Tactical Crime Analysis

A type of crime analysis that focuses on recent criminal activity, aiming to solve problems and identify suspects.

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Crime Incident Information

Information about criminal incidents, including suspect actions, victim details, and type of weapon used, utilized in crime analysis.

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Strategic Crime Analysis

This type of analysis investigates long-term crime issues and evaluates how law enforcement agencies function. It uses statistical methods and research techniques.

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Administrative Crime Analysis

This type of analysis presents crime research findings to various audiences like law enforcement, city officials, and the public. It focuses on communication and the effective presentation of information.

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Crime Mapping Analysis

This type of analysis uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to visualize and analyze spatial crime patterns. It helps identify crime hotspots and understand how crime relates to environmental factors.

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Place and Environmental Design Analysis

This type of analysis focuses on understanding how the design of the environment influences crime. It considers factors like street lighting, building layout, and pedestrian access.

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Executive Summary

A summary document that condenses the results of crime analysis findings for specific audiences. It often highlights key trends and recommendations.

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Crime Analysis Report

A document or report that presents crime analysis findings to a specific audience. It may include data visualizations, charts, and recommendations.

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Problem Analysts

Crime analysis professionals who focus on strategic crime analysis, also known as problem or research analysts.

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Bar Chart Mapping

A type of crime mapping that uses bars to represent the frequency of different crimes in specific locations.

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Density Mapping

A type of crime mapping that uses shading to represent the density of crimes in an area.

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Interactive Crime Mapping

A type of crime mapping that allows users to interact with a map and analyze crime data online.

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Interactive Bar Chart Mapping

A type of interactive crime mapping that uses bars to represent the frequency of different crimes in an area.', 'term': 'Interactive Bar Chart Mapping', 'hint': 'Think of a bar graph on a map that you can interact with.', 'memory_tip': 'Bars + Online = Interactive

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Interactive Density Mapping

A type of interactive crime mapping that uses shading to represent the density of crimes in an area.', 'term': 'Interactive Density Mapping', 'hint': 'Imagine a map where you can zoom in and out and see how the intensity of crimes changes.', 'memory_tip': 'Interactive + Shading = Density

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Combined Crime Mapping

A type of crime mapping that uses a combination of different techniques, like bar charts and density maps.

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Targeted Crime Mapping

A type of crime mapping that focuses on specific areas of interest, such as neighborhoods, schools, or businesses.

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Study Notes

Crime Mapping

  • Crime mapping is a tool for identifying and highlighting suspicious incidents needing further investigation.
  • Maps illustrate neighbourhood events, person, and hazards, increasing understanding of existing problems.
  • Crime mapping aids in resource allocation to areas with high needs and helps investigators identify suspects.

Historical Development of Crime Mapping

  • European researchers' 1800s work founded cartographic criminology, exploring crime levels relative to social factors.
  • 1829: Adriano Balbi and André-Michel Guerry created early crime maps using criminal statistics and demographics.
  • Belgian statistician Quételet mapped crime correlations with transportation, education levels, and cultural variations.
  • 1920s-1930s: US urban sociologists linked crime to social disorganization and poverty, developing early Chicago crime mapping.
  • 1960s-1980s: Shift in focus from aggregate crime analysis towards the criminal event itself. Incorporating geographic environment and physical context.
  • 1980s-present: Increasing use of GIS technology and advancements in computer systems facilitated easier, wider availability of crime mapping techniques.

Types of Crime Mapping

  • Single-Symbol Mapping: Uniform symbols represent features like stores, roads, or schools displayed at same locations (can overlap).
  • Graduated Mapping: The sizes and/or colours of symbols relate to the value of a variable (e.g. crime) in a certain geographic location.
  • Chart Mapping: Depicts percentages or frequencies of a variable, such as frequency of incidents at nightclubs depicted via charts.
  • Density Mapping: Shows concentration of incidents; darker areas represent higher incident rates.
  • Interactive Crime Mapping: Simplified GIS that allows users to interact with geographic information over the Internet to create simplified crime maps.

Crime Analysis Techniques

  • Intelligence Analysis: Identifying criminal networks and relationships, aiding investigative personnel in linking events, and preventing criminal activity. Qualitative and often non-reported data is often used.
  • Criminal Investigative Analysis: Studying serial criminals, crime patterns, and crime scenes to develop patterns. Focuses on qualitative data from crime scenes to create offender profiles and assist in linking crime incidents.
  • Tactical Crime Analysis: Examines recent crime incidents, crime patterns, and trends to aid in problem-solving and identifying suspects, using daily data on recent crime levels.
  • Strategic Crime Analysis: Investigates long-term crime patterns and procedures through analysis of aggregate crime, calls for service, and other information over extended periods.
  • Administrative Crime Analysis: Presents crime analysis findings, often a summary, to a variety of audiences for policy implications, resource allocation and/or practical concerns. Presents a summary of the "tip of the iceberg" of all of the prior types of analysis.

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