Crime Analysis and Integrated Analysis Model
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Crime Analysis and Integrated Analysis Model

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Questions and Answers

What does crime analysis provide according to the integrated analysis model?

  • The what is happening picture of the criminal environment (correct)
  • Information on prolific offenders
  • The why of criminal activities
  • Capabilities of criminal organizations

    • Integrated analysis results in products that complement and enhance each other.

    True

    What is the purpose of structured analytical techniques (SATs)?

    To minimize bias and encourage structured thinking in intelligence analysis.

    The 8-Point Scale used to gauge the relative threat of criminal organizations is derived from the ________’s Sleipnir tool.

    <p>RCMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of brainstorming SATs?

    <p>Dismantling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the analytical techniques with their descriptions:

    <p>Dumping = Writers list down multiple hypotheses quickly Role-playing = Adopting the mindset of a subject of interest 6-3-5 method = Six analysts generate three hypotheses each in a short period Diagnositicity = Evaluating evidence's relevance to hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abductive reasoning involves making assumptions based on a complete set of observations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two analysis evaluation frameworks used by Crime Analysts and IOs?

    <p>SWOT and CLVI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of criminal intelligence analysts?

    <p>To identify members of organized crime groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crime analysts typically have access to the same classified information as intelligence officers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Integrated Analysis Model aim to achieve?

    <p>Integrate crime information with criminal intelligence for a complete picture of the criminal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An integrated analysis can suggest a broader range of _____ options for law enforcement.

    <p>enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles with their primary focus:

    <p>Crime Analysts = Reported crime trends Intelligence Officers = Organized crime groups Police Chiefs = Operational priorities Decision Makers = Resource allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of the Integrated Analysis Model?

    <p>Fluid response to crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intelligence analysts often view crime analysts as equal partners in their work.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the hindrances to integrated analysis?

    <p>Terminology confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To promote integrated analysis, police chiefs should work closely with _____ .

    <p>analysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do both crime analysis and criminal intelligence contribute to in an Integrated Analysis Model?

    <p>Central pool of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases influenced the issues around disclosure in the legal system?

    <p>R v McNeil (2009)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A warrant can be obtained without judicial authorization if there are exigent circumstances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'social network analysis' (SNA) refer to in intelligence analysis?

    <p>The method of determining the centrality of network entities to identify optimal targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The national repository of fingerprints and criminal record information in Canada is administered by the __________.

    <p>Canadian Criminal Real Time Identification Services (CCRTIS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence analysis focuses on assessing how long-term factors impact the behavior of subjects of interest (SOIs)?

    <p>Strategic intelligence analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the centrality measures with their definitions:

    <p>Degree centrality = Measures direct connections within the network Closeness centrality = Measures proximity to other entities in the network Betweenness centrality = Measures being an intermediary between other entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Third-Party Rule' allows documents to be shared without consent from the original author.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IMINT stands for __________ intelligence, which is gathered from optical means such as aerial photography.

    <p>imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of crime analysts at the tactical level?

    <p>Mapping and analyzing crime incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal intelligence analysts primarily focus on long-term strategies for reducing crime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acronym SARA stand for in the problem-solving process?

    <p>Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal intelligence becomes useful when it is analyzed and assessed in relation to other known ________.

    <p>information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of intelligence with their primary focus:

    <p>Tactical Intelligence = Supports front-line enforcement officers Operational Intelligence = Guides decision-making for resource allocation Strategic Intelligence = Provides long-term insight into criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of crime analysis is primarily focused on immediate issues of significance?

    <p>Tactical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tactical intelligence is used for both micro level scenarios and long-term planning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method employed by crime analysts to solve problems?

    <p>Problem analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integration of intelligence and crime analysis functions is essential for uncovering crimes linked to ________ groups.

    <p>organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operational intelligence primarily support?

    <p>Planning crime reduction activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All analysts are equally constrained by culture, unit mission, and legislation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of criminal intelligence analysis?

    <p>To identify systemic weaknesses and vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ intelligence targets geographical regions or commands to allocate enforcement teams effectively.

    <p>Operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of analysis with their descriptions:

    <p>Tactical Level = Immediate issues and case-specific actions Operational Level = Planning crime reduction activities Strategic Level = Future-oriented insights and organizational objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does crime analysis utilize for effective problem-solving?

    <p>SARA process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered key factors contributing to wrongful convictions?

    <p>False confessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of a criminal prosecution is solely to obtain a conviction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of co-locating analysts and intelligence officers?

    <p>Improved collaboration and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expression 'creative forgettery' refers to the phenomenon where __________.

    <p>memory is replaced by products of the imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following checklist items with their respective audiences:

    <p>Analysts = Organize cross-training Executives = Send the signal that these functions are important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a tip for improving crime mapping?

    <p>Use color carelessly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of intelligence-led policing?

    <p>Interpret the criminal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNAs are considered unreliable evidence in wrongful convictions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'intelligence-led policing' primarily focus on?

    <p>Targeting offenders and managing crime hotspots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clearance rate is calculated by dividing the total number of cases solved by the total number of cases recorded.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The provision of __________ counsel is considered a crucial safeguard against wrongful conviction.

    <p>qualified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime pattern is defined as a group of similar crimes committed by the same individuals?

    <p>Series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to wrongful convictions with their definitions:

    <p>Tunnel vision = Narrow focus leading to missed evidence False confessions = Admitting to a crime not committed Mistaken identification = Incorrectly recognizing a suspect In-custody informers = Witnesses who can be biased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of _____ involves tasking, data collection, collation, analysis, dissemination and feedback.

    <p>intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of crime with its description:

    <p>Spree = Lots of crime in a short period Hot prey = Victims share similar characteristics Hot product = Unique property targeted for theft Hot place = Crimes committed in the same location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of analysts in an intelligence-led approach?

    <p>Assist decision-makers in understanding the big picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of crime analysis?

    <p>Improve safety and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public pressure can contribute to tunnel vision in criminal prosecutions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one common error made by witnesses that can lead to wrongful convictions.

    <p>Inaccurate memory recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seasonality in crime analysis indicates that crime occurrences remain constant throughout the year.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Educating officers about __________ is important in building community trust.

    <p>information handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tactical analysts typically analyze to identify short-term crime trends?

    <p>Data from 24 hours to three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following wrongful conviction studies with their researchers:

    <p>Franks' Study = 1957 Brandon and Davies Study = 1973 Borchard's Findings = Incorrect evidence factors Wigmore's View = State compensation responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ analyst identifies long-term trends by analyzing historical data over extended periods.

    <p>strategic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis examines the relationship between two or more variables?

    <p>Crosstabulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental criminology focuses on why individuals commit crimes rather than the situations that lead to crime.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of success in solving crimes referred to as?

    <p>Clearance rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intelligence can be defined as a value-added product obtained from the collection and processing of _____ information.

    <p>relevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patterns involve crimes committed by multiple individuals with shared victim characteristics?

    <p>Hot prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept does the Routine Activities Theory revolve around?

    <p>Opportunity spaces for crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Near-repeats refer to the same target being victimized multiple times.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of repeat victimization.

    <p>True-repeats, chronic-repeats, near-repeats, or virtual-repeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that a small number of places account for a large proportion of crime events is known as the __________ principle.

    <p>Pareto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the intelligence gathering methods with their descriptions:

    <p>HUMINT = Information from human sources like informants Call Detail Records = Information about communication metadata PESTLE = Socio-economic factor analysis VPD's CRIME = Integrated analytic system for crime data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of crime does the law of crime concentration state is accounted for by 2 to 6% of micro places?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intelligence-led policing focuses on reactive policing strategies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a crime analyst?

    <p>To gather and analyze crime statistics and trends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ illusion is the mistaken belief that a pattern exists in a random cluster of data.

    <p>clustering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In intelligence-led policing, what type of intelligence relates to gathering information from human sources?

    <p>HUMINT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integrated model involves analyzing aggregate data created from multiple individual datasets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym CRIME stand for in the context of VPD?

    <p>Consolidated Records Intelligence Mining Environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of __________ bias involves favoring information that confirms prior beliefs or hypotheses.

    <p>confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Devil's Advocacy = Challenging group thinking by presenting alternative hypotheses Red Team = Designing defense strategies against potential threats Alternative Future Analysis = Exploring various scenarios based on uncertainty Dirty Data = Incomplete and inaccurate large datasets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weaknesses can be addressed through the structured analytical techniques (SATs)?

    <p>Minimizing bias in analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the roles of crime analysts and intelligence officers differ in evaluation?

    <p>Intelligence officers consider criminal intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of brainstorming methods such as the 6-3-5 method?

    <p>To include diverse perspectives in hypothesis creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT a part of the integrated analysis model?

    <p>Focus on individual criminal cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of structured analytical techniques (SATs)?

    <p>They are rule-based processes designed to minimize biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does integrated analysis benefit decision makers and law enforcement?

    <p>It offers a broader range of enforcement options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of not integrating crime analysis and criminal intelligence?

    <p>Loss of holistic insights into crime dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would most likely NOT be considered a structured analytical technique (SAT)?

    <p>Developing hypotheses in an unregulated manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key drawback of crime analysts focusing only on reported crime?

    <p>They overlook the actions of specific individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a hindrance to integrated analysis?

    <p>Common mission objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does an integrated analysis model provide in terms of long-term resource management?

    <p>Reduced operational costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might information silos hinder effective communication between intelligence and crime analysts?

    <p>Analysts are conditioned to think in unique paradigms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of eliminating the segregation of data between intelligence and crime analysis?

    <p>Increased collaborative understanding of crime patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategic objective does the Integrated Analysis Model serve for decision-makers?

    <p>Determining the priority and allocation of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental reason for the separation of intelligence officers from crime analysts?

    <p>Varied access to classified information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might an integrated approach enhance enforcement tactics?

    <p>By combining targeted patrol areas with offender focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a proposed method for enhancing integrated analysis in law enforcement?

    <p>Creating informal communication exchanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be proven to obtain a warrant in a criminal investigation?

    <p>Reasonable suspicion and reasonable grounds to believe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of centrality in Social Network Analysis (SNA) assesses direct connections between entities?

    <p>Degree centrality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common perception among some intelligence analysts regarding crime analysts?

    <p>They regard crime analysts as less capable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of intelligence analysis focuses on comparing subjects of interest (SOIs) within medium-term time horizons?

    <p>Operational intelligence analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Third-Party Rule' mandate regarding document sharing?

    <p>Documents cannot be shared without consent from the originating author.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency administers Canada's national repository of fingerprints and criminal record information?

    <p>Canadian Criminal Real Time Identification Services (CCRTIS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence analysis primarily targets geographical regions to efficiently allocate resources?

    <p>Tactical intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal action is required to compel internet service providers to disclose user activities on social media?

    <p>Search warrant or production order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of tactical intelligence analysis?

    <p>Targeting specific subjects of interest (SOIs) in ongoing investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of operational intelligence in crime analysis?

    <p>Analyzing crime patterns and resource allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does covert information transition into criminal intelligence?

    <p>When it is analyzed alongside other information sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of crime analysis focuses on long-term solutions to crime problems?

    <p>Strategic analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SARA process in crime analysis primarily used for?

    <p>Articulating problem-solving strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of intelligence supports front-line enforcement officers and case-specific actions?

    <p>Tactical intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major differences between crime analysts and criminal intelligence analysts?

    <p>Crime analysts are concerned with immediate crime incidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core purpose of tactical intelligence?

    <p>Driving short-term, arrest-focused activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integrated analysis primarily aim to uncover in the context of organized crime?

    <p>Patterns among known criminal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT usually employed in tactical crime analysis?

    <p>Studying systemic social vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of environment does strategic intelligence particularly aim to understand?

    <p>Trends in organized crime behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the integrated analysis model, which aspect of criminal intelligence is highlighted?

    <p>Data aggregation and categorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is primarily involved in gathering evidence for securing convictions?

    <p>Crime analysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct aspect does operational intelligence provide to law enforcement?

    <p>Strategic resource deployment guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT commonly associated with wrongful convictions?

    <p>Overly aggressive legal defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to best practices for preventing miscarriages of justice, which of the following should be emphasized?

    <p>Proper understanding of the prosecution's duty of disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary objective does an intelligence-led policing approach emphasize?

    <p>Target active offenders and crime hotspots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended tip for improving crime mapping?

    <p>Include a scale bar for visual accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of wrongful convictions, what does 'creative forgettery' refer to?

    <p>The phenomenon where memory gaps are filled by imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do joint training opportunities play in the integrated analysis model?

    <p>They allow analysts and intelligence officers to understand each other's work better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following errors contribute most significantly to wrongful convictions?

    <p>Police errors in evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for analysts to focus on according to the checklist for analysts?

    <p>Sharing intelligence for the common good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for police executives in relation to intelligence-led policing?

    <p>Detaching from collaboration with analysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misunderstanding regarding eyewitness testimony in wrongful conviction cases?

    <p>Memory is affected by numerous unknown factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor did Borchard identify as contributing to wrongful convictions?

    <p>Public pressure to solve horrific crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'thematic mapping' imply in the context of crime mapping?

    <p>Careful and cautious use to avoid misrepresentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of the Working Group on the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice?

    <p>To recommend proactive policies to guard against wrongful convictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of crime concentration state about crime events?

    <p>50 percent of crime will be accounted for by 2 to 6 percent of micro places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crime repeat refers to a target victimized by different crimes multiple times?

    <p>Chronic-repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of crime pattern theory explains how offenders choose their targets?

    <p>Targets are chosen from activity spaces familiar to the offender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'anchoring and adjusting' in the decision-making process?

    <p>Initial information has a disproportionate influence on subsequent decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HUMINT refer to in the context of intelligence gathering?

    <p>Human intelligence gathered from informants and witnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the clustering illusion?

    <p>Believing that random clusters signify an actual pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Integrated Analysis Model?

    <p>To suggest a broader range of operational options for law enforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Central Bureau in Ottawa play in the context of crime analysis?

    <p>It is responsible for delivering criminal intelligence products and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In intelligence-led policing, what does PESTLE refer to?

    <p>A framework for analyzing socio-economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of tactical intelligence?

    <p>Operational responses to immediate crime threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'virtual-repeats' refer to?

    <p>Victimization of targets sharing similar characteristics but in different instances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crime analysts in relation to crime statistics?

    <p>To produce actionable insights based on crime statistics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines a 'spree' in crime patterns?

    <p>Numerous crimes occurring rapidly within a constrained timeframe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the intelligence community's gathering process?

    <p>Vetting and documenting information from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pattern analysis primarily play in crime analysis?

    <p>Linking cases based on commonalities or similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'frequency distribution' illustrate in crime analysis?

    <p>The occurrence of different values in a dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to crime patterns involving similar victims exhibiting shared characteristics?

    <p>Hot prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary objective of intelligence-led policing?

    <p>To inform decision-making through criminal intelligence analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes tactical crime analysis?

    <p>Analysis aimed at providing immediate support to current cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of intelligence in policing?

    <p>A continuous cycle involving tasking, data collection, and feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'weighted time span analysis' in crime frequency analysis?

    <p>It highlights how crime frequency fluctuates over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tactical analysts differentiate between trends and patterns in crime data?

    <p>Trends assess overall changes over time compared to specific incidents represented by patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of crosstabulation in crime analysis?

    <p>Understanding relationships between multiple variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of crime analysis, what does 'constant' refer to concerning temporal intervals?

    <p>A stable rate of crime occurrence with little fluctuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can crime analysis contribute to public safety improvements?

    <p>Through better understanding and reduction of crime opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines operational intelligence in the context of policing?

    <p>Supports immediate operational needs of law enforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the understanding of environmental criminology essential in crime analysis?

    <p>It helps understand opportunities for crime in specific environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis

    • Crime analysis can provide a snapshot of the criminal environment, while criminal intelligence provides understanding of the motivations behind criminal activities.
    • Integrated analysis models enable executives to gain a comprehensive view of criminality, facilitating a wider range of enforcement options.
    • Criminal intelligence analysis focuses on prolific offenders and organized criminal groups, while crime analysis provides contextual information about the environment they operate within.
    • Segregation of crime analysis and criminal intelligence analysis leads to incomplete and non-complementary products, ultimately disadvantaging decision makers, patrol officers, and the public.

    SWOT and CLVI Analysis

    • Both Crime Analysts and intelligence officers conduct evaluations using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and CLVI (Capabilities, Limitations, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions) frameworks.

    8-Point Scale

    • The 8-Point Scale, derived from the RCMP's Sleipnir tool, measures the relative threat posed by criminal organizations.
    • The scale categorizes threat levels as High (red), Medium (orange), Low (yellow), Green (nil), and Unknown (blue), with assigned numerical values based on reverse rank.

    Structured Analytical Techniques (SATs)

    • SATs are rule-based processes designed to minimize bias and promote structured thinking in intelligence analysis.

    Brainstorming SATs

    • Dumping: Analysts generate as many hypotheses as possible within a short time frame (5-10 minutes) and compile them for analysis.
    • Role-playing: Analysts adopt the perspective of a subject of interest (SOI) to gain a fresh and insightful viewpoint.
    • 6-3-5 Method: Six analysts generate three hypotheses each within five minutes, then pass their ideas to the next analyst for review and refinement.
    • Starbursting: Uses the words "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," and "how" to generate questions and guide project planning.

    Diagnosticitiy

    • Diagnosticitiy refers to the effectiveness of evidence in determining the likelihood of a hypothesis being true.

    Abductive Reasoning

    • Abductive reasoning involves choosing the best hypothesis based on incomplete observations.

    Levels of Analysis

    • Tactical Level: Crime analysts focus on mapping and analyzing crime incidents, while intelligence analysts concentrate on case support and understanding the activities of known offenders.
    • Operational Level: Crime analysts analyze crime patterns to guide resource allocation, and intelligence agencies focus on understanding and charting organized crime and gang activity.
    • Strategic Level: Crime analysts examine the causes and effects of significant crime and disorder problems, while intelligence analysts identify systemic vulnerabilities and the ways organized crime groups exploit them.

    Criminal Intelligence

    • Criminal intelligence supports decision-making in law enforcement, crime reduction, and crime prevention.
    • Outputs can include written bulletins, presentations, and verbal reports.
    • Covert information, such as wiretap records and surveillance, only becomes criminal intelligence when analyzed and assessed within a broader context.

    Tactical Intelligence

    • Tactical intelligence is the most prevalent type of criminal intelligence globally.
    • It assists frontline enforcement officers and investigators in achieving case-specific enforcement objectives, primarily focused on gathering evidence for conviction.

    Operational Intelligence

    • Operational intelligence supports area commanders and regional operational managers in planning crime reduction activities and resource allocation.
    • It informs decision-makers about the most vulnerable organized crime groups and resource allocation priorities.

    Strategic Intelligence

    • Strategic intelligence aims to provide insights into patterns of criminal behavior and the functioning of the criminal environment, focusing on long-term organizational objectives and policy discussions.

    Crime Analysis

    • Crime analysis is a multi-faceted field with tactical, operational, and strategic components.
    • Tactical: Addresses immediate police department concerns.
    • Operational: Identifies priority areas and potential problems.
    • Strategic: Focuses on long-term issues that require collaboration with agencies such as city councils and planning departments.

    Need for Integrated Analysis Model

    • Integration of intelligence and crime analysis is crucial for uncovering crimes linked to organized groups.
    • Limited communication between intelligence officers (IOs) and crime analysts impedes a complete picture of criminal activity.

    Crime Analysts vs Intelligence Officers

    • Crime Analysts: Focus on reported crime and disseminate information broadly within police departments.
    • Intelligence Officers: Concentrate on identifying organized crime members, gathering evidence for prosecutions, and maintain a high level of secrecy.

    Barriers to Integration

    • Security Clearance: Different levels of access to classified information.
    • Secrecy: Intelligence officers' sworn duty to maintain confidentiality.
    • Dissemination: Crime analysis often shared broadly, while intelligence information remains within specific units.

    Integrated Analysis Model

    • Integrates crime information and criminal intelligence to give a holistic picture of the criminal environment.
    • Combines crime analysis and criminal intelligence data into a central pool, enabling decision-makers to identify viable targets and strategies.

    How Integrated Model Works

    • Promotes cohesion and eliminates political and departmental barriers.
    • Allows for flexible responses to emerging crime trends by breaking down siloed approaches.

    Benefits of Integrated Model

    • Data Integration: Creates a more comprehensive understanding of the criminal environment.
    • Increased Enforcement Options: Combines targeted patrol strategies and offender-focused tactics.
    • Cost Reduction: Streamlines databases, software, and training resources.
    • Fluid Response: Improves agility in responding to emerging crime trends.
    • Enhanced Coordination: Facilitates communication and collaboration with external agencies.

    Hindrances to Integrated Analysis

    • Attitude: Some intelligence analysts may view crime analysts as less competent.
    • Mission Differences: Intelligence and crime analysis units can have distinct missions.
    • Terminology: Different terminology used in the fields can lead to confusion.
    • Case-by-Case Thinking: Both fields may have differing approaches to problem solving.
    • Legal and Technological Constraints: Legal issues and incompatible databases can hinder integration.

    Jumpstarting Integrated Analysis

    • Intelligence-Led Policing: Embrace an intelligence-driven approach to law enforcement.
    • Leadership: Police chiefs should build strong relationships with analysts and intelligence staff.
    • Vision: Articulate a clear analytical vision for the police department.
    • Integrated Reporting: Develop unified reporting mechanisms to share information.
    • Information Exchange: Foster continuous and informal communication between analysts and intelligence officers.
    • Dissemination: Ensure that useful analyses are readily accessible to decision-makers.

    Checklist for Executives

    • Understand the meaning and implementation of intelligence-led policing.
    • Invest in training to gain a deeper understanding of intelligence-led policing.
    • Co-locate analysts and intelligence officers close to your office.
    • Meet regularly with the combined group of analysts and intelligence staff.
    • Develop a shared vision for analysis within the department.
    • Demonstrate commitment to these departments and their value.
    • Prioritize addressing repeat offenders and persistent issues.
    • Invest in joint training opportunities for intelligence officers and crime analysts.
    • Emphasize building trust with the community and encourage officers to utilize information gathered from the community.

    Checklist for Analysts

    • Build strong connections with decision-makers and other analysts.
    • Help decision-makers understand the bigger picture and develop more strategic products.
    • Learn about problem-oriented policing and apply its principles to long-term problems.
    • Organize cross-training to create a shared understanding between intelligence officers and crime analysts.
    • Share intelligence information for the betterment of the community.
    • Work collaboratively to integrate databases and avoid redundancy.

    Jerry’s Top Ten Crime Mapping Tips

    • Include a scale bar.
    • Include a north arrow.
    • Use clear and concise titles.
    • Utilize color strategically.
    • Thoroughly understand the data and limitations.
    • Use thematic mapping with caution.
    • Provide clear and concise legends.
    • Include caveats to ensure transparency and accuracy.
    • Limit the information presented on the map to avoid complexity.
    • Review map appearance in grayscale to ensure clarity.

    Miscarriages of Justice

    • The Working Group on the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice aims to develop best practices and proactive measures to minimize wrongful convictions.
    • Significant contributing factors to wrongful convictions include:
      • Tunnel Vision: Focusing solely on a single theory of a crime, ignoring alternative explanations.
      • Mistaken Eyewitness Identification: Misidentification due to memory errors or influence.
      • False Confessions: Coerced or involuntary confessions from suspects.
      • Informant Testimony: Information provided by unreliable informants.
      • DNA Evidence: Errors in DNA analysis or interpretation.
      • Forensic Evidence: Misinterpretation or unreliable forensic evidence.
      • Expert Testimony: Biased or flawed expert witness testimony.
      • Education: Lack of legal education and understanding.

    State Indemnity for Errors of Criminal Justice

    • The State should compensate for wrongful convictions and provide restitution to those unjustly punished.
    • Common causes of wrongful convictions identified by Borchard include mistaken identification, circumstantial evidence misinterpretation, perjury, and combinations of these factors.

    Franks’ Study (1957)

    • Examined 36 cases of wrongful conviction, highlighting systemic issues such as mistaken testimony, juror misunderstanding of evidence, and adversarial courtroom practices that prioritize legal strategies over truth-finding.

    Brandon and Davies Study (1973)

    • Examined 14 cases of wrongful conviction and identified contributing factors, including police practices, unreliable evidence, inadequate disclosure of evidence, and media pressure.
    • Stressed the importance of proper disclosure of evidence to prevent misuse of scientific evidence.

    Common Errors in Criminal Justice

    • Witness errors (misidentification, memory lapses).
    • Police errors (over-zealousness, incompetence).
    • Prosecutorial errors (suppressing evidence).
    • Biased conclusions designed to influence a particular perspective.

    Tunnel Vision

    • Tunnel vision occurs when investigators become fixated on a single suspect or theory, ignoring contradictory evidence.
    • Factors that contribute to tunnel vision include:
      • Close identification with the police or victim.
      • Pressure from the media or special interest groups.
    • Maintaining independence between police and prosecutors is essential to prevent tunnel vision.

    Intelligence-Led Policing

    • Focuses on:
      • Targeting offenders.
      • Managing crime hotspots.
      • Investigating linked crime series.
      • Implementing preventative measures.
    • Uses criminal intelligence analysis to guide decision-making, reduce crime, and prevent offenses.

    Stages of Intelligence-Led Policing

    • Stage 1: Interpreting the criminal environment.
    • Stage 2: Identifying and influencing decision-makers.
    • Stage 3: Implementing crime reduction strategies and impacting the criminal environment.

    Intelligence

    • Is a product derived from collecting and processing information about client needs, which is significant for decision-making
    • Is a continuous process, incorporating tasking, data collection, collation, analysis, dissemination and feedback
    • Uses problem-oriented policing and SARA for intelligence-led targeting, which compartmentalizes problems into manageable "chunks"

    Crime Analysis

    •  Tactical analysts work with 2 weeks of data
    • Strategic analysts work with data from 3 months to a decade or even longer
    • The overarching purpose of crime analysis is to improve society's safety and security
    • Crime analysis does not involve crime scene investigation, forensic profiling, or analysis of physical evidence
    • Tactical crime analysis provides support to cases, analyzing data from 24 hours to 3 months
    • Strategic crime analysis focuses on long-term reduction objectives, analyzing data from 3 months to decades

    Pattern Analysis (Pattern identification)

    • Collates and aggregates data on similar who, what, when, why, and how
    • Strings together cases based on commonalities or similarities
    • Commonality refers to an exact match in a crime pattern area
    • Similarity refers to a close match in a crime pattern area
    • Clearance rate is a measure of success in solving crimes, calculated as (number of cases cleared / total number of cases) x 100
    • MO summary is a form of pattern analysis that manually synthesizes multiple crime event narratives, gathering information from occurrence reports, tips, and social media

    Types of Crime Patterns

    • Series: A group of similar crimes thought to be committed by the same person or group
    • Spree: Lots of crime in a short period, such as a killing spree
    • Hot Prey: Crimes involving victims who share similar characteristics and engage in similar behavior, such as gang killings
    • Hot Product: Crimes where a unique type of property is targeted for theft, such as espionage
    • Hot Place: Crimes committed by one or more people in the same place

    Analyzing Crime Frequency

    • Tactical analysts identify short-term trends by analyzing data from 24 hours to 3 months
    • Strategic analysts identify long-term trends by analyzing data from 3 months to a decade or longer
    • Frequency distribution: Refers to the frequency of values in a dataset based on predetermined grouped values or categories, highlighting trends
    • Crosstabulation: A table that shows the relationship between two or more variables
    • Grouping frequency by week and month is used to detect longer-term patterns
    • Weighted Time Span Analysis considers seasonality and its impact on crime frequency fluctuations

    Trend Comparisons

    • Relative comparisons are made to assess the relevance and meaning of monthly/yearly trends, considering other crime categories, jurisdictions, or other comparators
    • Temporal Intervals:
      • Accelerating: A decrease in the number of days between incidents
      • Decelerating: An increase in the number of days between incidents
      • Constant: A steady pattern in the number of days between incidents
      • Random: No discernible pattern in the number of days between incidents
    • Tempogram: A graphical display representing the temporal intervals between crime events in a series

    Traditional and Environmental Criminology

    • Traditional criminology examines biological, psychological, and sociological factors to understand why individuals become criminals
    • Environmental criminology examines why crime occurs in specific situations, investigating the role of environments in creating opportunities for crime
    • Crime triangle: Consists of a target/victim (human or object), a place, and an offender

    Routine Activities Theory and the Problem Analysis Triangle

    • Crime pattern theory: A central theory in environmental criminology that states opportunities for crime arise when the activity spaces of potential offenders and potential victims/targets overlap
    • Offenders often commit crimes within or close to the activity spaces familiar to them
    • Pareto principle (80/20 rule): A small number of places account for a large proportion of crime events
    • Law of crime concentration: 50% of crime will be accounted for by 2 to 6% of micro places, which remain stable over time

    Repeats

    • True-repeats: A target is victimized on multiple occasions by the same type of crime
    • Chronic-repeats: A target is victimized on multiple occasions by different types of crimes
    • Near-repeats: A target is victimized in close proximity to, and sharing similar characteristics with, an original target
    • Virtual-repeats: A target closely resembling an original target is victimized

    Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)

    • Developed in the early 1990s to proactively combat serious and organized crime
    • Prioritizes serious offenders, crime groups, and domestic extremist groups, and provides early warning of emerging threats
    • PESTLE: (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental) Factors considered in early-warning monitoring
    • HUMINT: (Human intelligence) - Information gathered from suspects, informants, witnesses

    Data Sources and Analysis Challenges

    • Call Detail Records (CDRs): Provide information on communication events, including destination number, direction, date, time, duration, tower ID, sector, and location
    • Integrated model: Aggregates large datasets created by combining individual-level data
    • Crime pattern theory: Uses the representativeness heuristic, a mental shortcut that judges individuals or events based on perceived similarity to a known group
    • Clustering illusion: The mistaken belief that a pattern is present in a random cluster of data
    • Dirty data: Large aggregate datasets that are often incomplete, inaccurate, and contain subjective information
    • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: Influenced by initial information and neglects subsequent information

    Integrated Analysis

    • Consolidated Records Intelligence Mining Environment (CRIME): VPD's integrated analytic system
    • Devil's advocacy: Challenges group thinking by building cases for alternative hypotheses
    • Alternative future analysis: Explores how uncertainty can unravel
    • Red team: Designs defense strategies based on how the enemy would think
    • Alternative competing hypothesis: Encourages considering multiple hypotheses to avoid confirmation bias

    Crime Analyst Objectives

    • Role: Extract, clean data, and produce actionable insights
    • Gather and analyze crime statistics
    • Identify crime trends
    • Prepare reports and briefing notes
    • Produce bulletin awareness reports
    • Communicate findings
    • Prepare crime maps
    • Extract and prepare data from records management systems

    Canadian Criminal Intelligence System (CISC)

    • Stewarded by the RCMP and consists of a Central Bureau and provincial bureaus
    • Provides criminal intelligence products and services to law enforcement and stakeholders
    • FINTRAC: Requires reporting of any transaction over $10,000 or any suspicious transactions
    • CDSA Controlled Substance: Refers to substances listed in Schedules I to V, including narcotics, restricted drugs, and controlled drugs
    • Precursor: Refers to substances listed in Schedule VI
    • Case Law: Impacts disclosures, including R v Stinchcombe (1991) and R v McNeil (2009)
    • Warrants and Authorizations: Require judicial authorization, unless exigent circumstances exist
    • Reasonable suspicion and reasonable grounds to believe are required to obtain a warrant
    • Part VI Authorizations: Authorize law enforcement to intercept private communications in real time

    National Criminal Records

    • Canadian Criminal Real Time Identification Services (CCRTIS): Administers national repository of fingerprints and criminal record information
    • "Third-Party Rule": Documents cannot be shared or disclosed without consent from the originating author
    • Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR): A standardized crime data collection system administered by Statistics Canada, providing a historical record of crime since 1962

    Social Network Analysis (SNA)

    • Used to determine the centrality of network entities and identify optimal targets
    • Degrees of Centrality:
      • Degree: Measures how directly connected an entity is to others
      • Closeness: Measures the distance between an entity and others (including direct and indirect connections)
      • Betweenness: Measures the degree to which an entity is positioned as an intermediary between other entities

    Intelligence Analysis Time Horizons

    • Tactical intelligence analysis: Focuses on targeting specific SOIs in ongoing investigations within short-term time horizons
    • Operational intelligence analysis: Compares SOIs to determine relative threat levels within medium-term time horizons
    • Strategic intelligence analysis: Assesses how social, political, and economic factors will impact the behavior of SOIs within long time horizons

    IMINT (Imagery Intelligence)

    • Information gathered from optical means, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, and infrared sensors.
    • Production orders are required for activity, messages, or correspondence through social media platforms.

    Integrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis

    • Blending crime analysis with criminal intelligence provides a comprehensive picture of the criminal environment: crime analysis reveals "what is happening," while criminal intelligence explains "why it is happening."
    • An integrated analysis model allows executives to understand the bigger picture of criminality and adopt a wider range of enforcement options.
    • Crime analysis focuses on the crime context, while criminal intelligence targets prolific offenders and organized criminal groups.
    • Both Crime Analysts and Intelligence Officers (IOs) use:
      • SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and CLVI (Capabilities, Limitations, Vulnerabilities, Intentions) frameworks
      • 8-Point Scale to gauge the threat level of criminal organizations.
      • SLEPNIR tool with threat levels: High (Red), Medium (Orange), Low (Yellow), Green (Nil), and Unknown (Blue) with assigned multiplier values.
    • Starbursting helps generate questions, define projects, and identify issues.
    • Diagnositicity helps determine which evidence is most useful in evaluating the probability of a hypothesis being true.
    • Abductive reasoning involves choosing the best hypothesis based on incomplete observations.

    Avoiding Heuristics and Biases

    • Structured Analytical Techniques (SATs) minimize bias and encourage structured thinking in intelligence analysis.
    • SAT methods include:
      • Dumping: Analysts generate hypotheses quickly and compile them in a list.
      • Role-playing: Analysts adopt the perspective of the subject of interest to gain a fresh perspective.
      • 6-3-5 method: Analysts work in groups to generate and refine hypotheses.
      • Starbursting: Exploring a topic using "who, what, where, when, why, and how" questions.

    Levels of Analysis

    • Tactical Level:
      • Crime analysts: focus on mapping and analyzing crime incidents and events.
      • Intelligence analysts: provide case support and analyze the activities of known offenders.
    • Operational Level:
      • Crime analysts: analyze crime patterns and identify areas requiring police resources.
      • Intelligence analysts: understand and chart the activities of organized crime groups and gangs.
    • Strategic Level:
      • Crime analysts: study the causes and effects of major crime and disorder problems.
      • Intelligence analysts: identify systemic weaknesses and vulnerabilities exploited by organized groups.

    Intelligence Analysis

    • Definition: Creating intelligence products to support decision making in law enforcement, crime reduction, and prevention.
    • Forms: Written bulletins, presentations, verbal reports, and briefings.
    • Types:
      • Tactical intelligence (micro-level, case-specific, arrest-focused)
      • Operational intelligence (meso-level, area-specific, resource-allocation focused)
      • Strategic intelligence (macro-level, future-oriented, policy-influencing)
    • Covert information: gathered through wiretaps, surveillance, and phone records, it becomes criminal intelligence when analyzed and assessed in context.

    Crime Analysis

    • Definition: Understanding the causes and effects of crime and disorder using data collection, analysis, and research methods.
    • Levels:
      • Tactical: immediate issues of significance to a police department.
      • Operational: priority areas and potential problems.
      • Strategic: long-term problems requiring wider interventions.
    • SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) process: A framework for problem solving and achieving goals.

    The Need for an Integrated Analysis Model

    • This model, first proposed by the UK Home Office, integrates criminal intelligence information and problem analysis.
    • Integrating the two approaches is crucial for uncovering crimes linked to organized groups.
    • Inadequate communication between intelligence officers and crime analysts limits the complete picture of crime.
    • Reasons for separation:
      • Security clearance: information access levels may be classified.
      • Sworn oath: intelligence officers maintain confidentiality.
      • Dissemination: crime analysis information is widely shared, while intelligence is commonly restricted to specific units.

    What is an Integrated Analysis Model?

    • It integrates crime information and criminal intelligence to provide a complete picture of the criminal environment.
    • Both crime analysis and criminal intelligence feed into a central pool, providing a comprehensive understanding.
    • Benefits at different levels:
      • Tactical level: identifies viable targets for law enforcement.
      • Operational level: informs resource allocation and prioritization.
      • Strategic level: offers insights into long-term crime prevention strategies.

    How Might an Integrated Model Work?

    • It promotes cohesion and eliminates unnecessary separation based on politics or hierarchy.
    • It allows for different perspectives to guide decision-making, whether aligned or divergent.

    Benefits of an Integrated Model

    • Ends data segregation: creates a collective understanding by sharing data between analysts and intelligence officers.
    • Increases enforcement options: combines targeted patrol areas and offender target packages for a broader range of tactics.
    • Long-term cost reduction: merges databases, software, and training resources.
    • Fluid crime response: eliminates compartmentalization and promotes coordinated action.
    • Realistic approach: examines both crime patterns and individual behavior simultaneously.
    • Enhanced collaboration with external agencies: faster communication and data sharing.

    Hindrances to Integrated Analysis

    • Attitude: Some intelligence analysts undervalue the work of crime analysts.
    • Divergent missions: Intelligence and crime analysis units often have contrasting goals.
    • Terminology confusion: Different units use diverse language, hindering communication.
    • Case-by-case thinking: Both sides may focus on individual events rather than seeing the broader picture.
    • Legal constraints: Access to certain information may be restricted due to legal considerations.
    • Technology constraints: Incompatibility between intelligence and crime databases.

    Jumpstarting Integrated Analysis

    • Become intelligence-led: Embrace intelligence analysis as a primary tool for policing.
    • Foster strong relationships: Police chiefs should collaborate with analysts.
    • Articulate a clear analytical vision: Define the department's approach to analysis.
    • Implement integrated reporting: Use consistent reporting methods for both functions.
    • Promote information exchange: Encourage constant communication between analysts and intelligence officers.
    • Disseminate valuable analysis: Share useful insights with decision makers.

    Developing Integrated Analysis

    • Checklist for Executives:
      • Understand intelligence-led policing.
      • Invest in training on intelligence-led policing.
      • Co-locate analysts and intelligence officers.
      • Regularly meet with both teams.
      • Establish a vision for analysis in the department.
      • Show support for these functions.
      • Focus on repeat offenders and persistent problems.
      • Invest in joint training for analysts and intelligence officers.
      • Promote community engagement and information gathering.
    • Checklist for Analysts:
      • Build connections with decision makers and colleagues.
      • Inform decision makers with comprehensive insights.
      • Apply problem-oriented policing to address long-term problems.
      • Organize cross-training to understand each other's work.
      • Share intelligence for the common good.
      • Integrate databases and avoid redundant efforts.

    Jerry's Top Ten Crime Mapping Tips

    • Tips:
      • Use a scale bar.
      • Include a north arrow.
      • Use clear and concise titles.
      • Apply colors thoughtfully.
      • Fully understand the data and its limitations.
      • Use thematic mapping cautiously.
      • Include legends.
      • Add caveats to avoid misleading information.
      • Limit the amount of information displayed.
      • Check map appearance in grayscale.

    Miscarriages of Justice

    • The Working Group on the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice aims to:
      • Identify best practices for prosecutors and police.
      • Recommend policies and protocols to prevent future miscarriages.
    • Factors contributing to wrongful convictions:
      • Tunnel vision
      • Erroneous eyewitness identification and testimony
      • False confessions
      • Untrustworthy informants
      • DNA evidence
      • Forensic evidence and expert testimony
      • Lack of education.
    • State Indemnity for Errors of Criminal Justice:
      • Wigmore believed the state should compensate for wrongful convictions.
      • Borchard identified mistaken identification, circumstantial evidence leading to erroneous inferences, perjury, or a combination of these as common causes.
      • Borchard also cited public pressure to solve crimes and the negative impact of an accused exercising the right to remain silent.

    Franks' Study (1957)

    • Identified systemic causes like mistaken testimony, juror misunderstanding of evidence, and an adversarial process prioritizing strategy over truth.
    • "Creative forgettery" or "imaginative memory" highlights the unreliability of memory in testimony.

    Brandon and Davies Study (1973)

    • Wrongful convictions are often disproportionately associated with lower socioeconomic groups.
    • Factors contributing to wrongful convictions:
      • Police practices: overzealousness, misconduct, incompetence.
      • Unreliable evidence: expert testimony as advocacy, weak circumstantial evidence.
      • Untrustworthy secondary sources: police informants, prison informants.
      • Media and public pressure.
      • Failure to disclose evidence.
      • Need for understanding of prosecution's disclosure responsibilities.

    Common Errors

    • Errors by witnesses
    • Police errors
    • Prosecution errors (suppressing evidence)
    • Biased conclusions to support a specific perspective.

    Tunnel Vision

    • The focus of a prosecution is not to secure a conviction but to present credible evidence.
    • Factors contributing to tunnel vision:
      • Close identification with police or victims.
      • Media and public pressure.
      • Lack of independence between prosecutors and police.

    Intelligence-Led Policing

    • Focuses on:
      • Targeting offenders, especially active criminals.
      • Managing crime and disorder hotspots.
      • Investigating linked crimes.
      • Applying preventative measures, including community partnerships.
    • Key stages:
      • Interpreting the criminal environment.
      • Influencing decision-makers.
      • Implementing crime reduction strategies.
      • Making a real impact on the criminal environment.

    Intelligence Defined

    • Intelligence is a valuable product assembled from relevant client information that impacts decision making.

    • Intelligence is a cyclical process involving tasking, data collection, analysis, dissemination, and feedback.

    Problem-Oriented Policing

    • Problem-oriented policing and SARA provide a case management framework for intelligence-led targeting.

    • This approach compartmentalizes complex problems into manageable units, similar to other professional methodologies.

    Tactical Analysis & Pattern Recognition

    • Tactical analysts work with data spanning two weeks.

    • Pattern analysis involves grouping cases with commonalities or similarities.

    • Commonality refers to an exact match in a crime pattern area, while similarity refers to a close match.

    • Clearance rate measures crime-solving success (cleared cases / total cases x 100).

    • MO summary is a pattern analysis method that synthesizes narratives from reports, tips, and social media.

    Crime Pattern Types

    • Series: A group of similar crimes believed to be committed by the same individuals.
    • Spree: Multiple crimes in a short period, often associated with a killing spree.
    • Hot Prey: Crimes involving victims sharing characteristics and behaviors, such as gang-related killings.
    • Hot Product: Crimes targeting a specific type of property, like espionage.
    • Hot Place: Crimes occurring in the same location.

    Analyzing Crime Frequency

    • Tactical analysts study short-term trends (24 hours to three months), while strategic analysts examine long-term trends (three months to a decade or more).

    • Frequency distribution: Analyzing the number of times values occur within a dataset.

    • Crosstabulation: A table showing the relationship between multiple variables.

    • Grouping data by week and month helps identify long-term patterns.

    Weighted Time Span Analysis

    • Examines temporal patterns in crime occurrence.

    Trend Comparisons

    • Analyzing trends relative to:
      • Other crime categories
      • Different jurisdictions
      • Other relevant comparators

    Temporal Intervals

    • Accelerating: Decreasing time between incidents.
    • Decelerating: Increasing time between incidents.
    • Constant: Consistent timing between incidents.
    • Random: No discernible pattern.

    Tempogram

    • A graphical representation of the time intervals between crimes in a series.

    Chapter 4: Crime Analysis & Its Purpose

    • The overarching purpose of crime analysis is to improve societal safety through crime reduction.

    • Crime prevention uses proactive measures to deter or inhibit criminal activity.

    • Crime analysis does not involve crime scene investigation, forensic profiling, or physical evidence analysis.

    Tactical vs. Strategic Crime Analysis

    • Tactical crime analysis: Provides analytical support for cases, analyzing data from 24 hours to three months.

    • Strategic crime analysis: Focuses on long-term crime reduction objectives using data spanning three months to decades.

    Traditional vs. Environmental Criminology

    • Traditional criminology: Examines biological, psychological, and sociological factors influencing criminal behavior.

    • Environmental criminology: Focuses on the environmental conditions that create opportunities for crime.

    Crime Triangle: Target/Victim, Place, and Offender

    • The "target/victim" can be a person or an inanimate object.

    • "Place" refers to any physical location including its temporal dimension.

    Routine Activities Theory and the Problem Analysis Triangle

    • Crime pattern theory: Opporunities for crime arise when the activity spaces of potential offenders and victims overlap.

    • Offenders often commit crimes within familiar or frequently visited areas.

    • Pareto principle (80/20 rule): A small number of places account for a large proportion of crime events.

    • Law of crime concentration: Half of all crime is concentrated in 2- 6% of micro-locations.

    • Types of Repeats:

      • True-repeats: Same type of crime against the same target multiple times.
      • Chronic-repeats: Different types of crimes against the same target.
      • Near-repeats: Similar crimes in close proximity to the original target.
      • Virtual-repeats: Crimes against targets resembling the original target.

    Intelligence-Led Policing

    • Developed in the 1990s to combat serious and organized crime.

    • PESTLE analysis: Considers political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors.

    • HUMINT (human intelligence): Information gathered from suspects, informants, and witnesses.

    • Call Detail Records: Contain communication data (destination, direction, date, time, duration, tower ID, sector, location).

    • Integrated model: Aggregating individual data into large datasets.

    Cognitive Biases in Intelligence Analysis

    • Representativeness heuristic: Judging based on perceived similarity to known groups or events.

    • Clustering illusion: Believing patterns exist in random data clusters.

    • Dirty data: Large datasets that are incomplete, inaccurate, and subjective.

    • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: Decisions heavily influenced by initial information.

    Integrated Analysis & Promoting Collaboration

    • CRIME (Consolidated Records Intelligence Mining Environment): VPD's system for integrated analysis.

    • Devil's advocacy: Challenging group consensus by presenting arguments for alternative hypotheses.

    • Alternative future analysis: Exploring how uncertainty can impact outcomes.

    • Red team: Designing defense strategies based on enemy perspectives.

    • Alternative competing hypotheses: Avoiding confirmation bias by exploring alternative explanations.

    • PRIME BC (Police Records and Information Management Environment): BC's integrated records management system.

    Crime Analyst Objectives

    • Role: Extract, clean, and analyze data to produce actionable insights.
    • Tasks:
      • Gather and analyze crime statistics.
      • Identify crime trends.
      • Prepare reports and briefing notes.
      • Produce bulletin awareness reports.
      • Communicate findings.
      • Create crime maps (hotspots, drug routes).
      • Extract and prepare data from records management systems.

    Criminal Intelligence and Sharing

    • CISC (Canadian Integrated Security Center): Managed by the RCMP, providing intelligence products and services to law enforcement.
    • FINTRAC (Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada): Reporting transactions exceeding $10,000 or considered suspicious.
    • CDSA (Controlled Drugs and Substances Act): Defines controlled substances and precursors.
    • Case Law: Precedents like R v Stinchcombe and R v McNeil, impacting disclosure requirements.
    • Warrants and authorizations: Judicial authorization required unless exigent circumstances exist.
    • Reasonable suspicion and reasonable grounds: Thresholds for warrant issuance.
    • Part VI authorizations: Allowing law enforcement to intercept private communications.
    • CCRTIS (Canadian Criminal Real Time Identification Services): National repository of fingerprints and criminal records in Canada.
    • Third-Party Rule: Restriciting the sharing or disclosure of documents without the author's consent.

    UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting Survey)

    • A standardized crime data collection system in Canada since 1962.

    Social Network Analysis (SNA)

    • In intelligence analysis, SNA is used to determine the centrality of network entities for target identification.
    • Types of social ties: Business, kinship, social, and criminal.
    • Degrees of Centrality:
      • Degree centrality: Measuring direct connections.
      • Closeness centrality: Measuring the distance between entities (direct and indirect connections).
      • Betweenness centrality: Measuring intermediation between entities.

    Levels of Intelligence Analysis

    • Tactical intelligence analysis: Targeting specific entities in ongoing investigations.

    • Operational intelligence analysis: Comparing entities to assess relative threat levels.

    • Strategic intelligence analysis: Assessing the impact of social, political, and economic factors on entity behavior.

    IMINT (Imagery Intelligence)

    • Information gathered through optical means (satellite imagery, aerial photography, infrared sensors).

    • Production order: Required from Internet service providers for information on social media activity.

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    Explore the key concepts and techniques of crime analysis within the framework of the Integrated Analysis Model. This quiz will assess your understanding of structured analytical techniques, the roles of crime analysts, and various analytical evaluation frameworks. Test your knowledge on the methods and goals pertinent to criminal intelligence analysis.

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