Intellectual Revolutions in Science

The study of embryos and their development stages, indicating evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Connections between different species based on common ancestry and shared characteristics observed during development.

Physical features that have lost their original function but still exist in a species.

Remnants of legs found in some snakes, which are smaller and non-functional.

The process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, accounting for features like vestigial structures.

Darwin argues against creationism by questioning the existence of useless structures in specially created species.

Structures that have diminished in size or function over time due to lack of use or environmental pressures.

Changes in organisms that result from natural selection, allowing them to thrive in different environments.

The evolutionary process where organisms diversify into different forms to adapt to various environments.

Darwin's 1859 book outlining his theory of evolution and natural selection.

The idea that all living organisms share a common ancestor.

Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution.

The process of organizing species into groups based on shared characteristics.

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

The belief that all organisms were created in their current forms by a divine being.

A method to uncover repressed emotions and associations through dreams.

Freud's idea that dreams are a direct pathway to understanding unconscious thoughts.

The process of suppressing urges and impulses to conform to societal norms.

A therapeutic technique to explore the unconscious by expressing thoughts without censorship.

The part of the personality that mediates between the conscious and unconscious, balancing desires and reality.

The part of the personality that represents societal rules and morals, often in conflict with the Id and Ego.

The instinctual part of the personality that contains basic drives and desires, often repressed.

In Freudian theory, it refers to the energy of the life instinct, driving human behavior and desires.

Body parts in different species that share a common ancestry.

Body parts that perform similar functions but do not share a common ancestral origin.

The ancestral species from which all four-limbed vertebrates descended.

Similarities in embryos of various species during early development.

Stages of growth and development that organisms undergo from embryo to adult.

Offspring develop traits during the same stages their parents did.

Diseases passed down from parents to offspring through genes.

The story of biologist Louis Agassiz's confusion over unlabeled embryos.

A heliocentric model placing the sun at the center of planetary motion.

A point used in Ptolemy's model to explain non-uniform planetary motion.

A smaller circle on which a planet moves, superimposed on its larger orbit.

A pamphlet by Copernicus outlining his new model for planetary motions.

Copernicus's seminal work introducing heliocentrism published in 1543.

Motion at a constant speed in a straight line, as theorized by Copernicus.

The larger circular path around which planets move, in Copernican theory.

Problems with equant circles leading to doubts about planetary motion accuracy.

The inherent need for survival and energy replacement, often represented by terms like 'food, love, security'.

Behavior is directed towards satisfying needs and reducing tension, focusing on immediate gratification.

Psychic processes within the Id that attempt immediate satisfaction without logic or reality checks.

The Ego's drive to find realistic ways to satisfy needs while considering external demands.

The Ego's task is to find equilibrium between the Id, Superego, and reality demands.