Intellectual Revolutions in Science

<p>Natural selection drives the evolution of new species, creating the hierarchical classifications observed in biology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organ that has lost its function over time but is still present in the organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryos develop in similar ways because they inherit the same genetic code from a common ancestor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classifying organisms reveals their evolutionary relationships, grouping them by their shared characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'...they require the use of certain equant circles...' implying that the planets do not move uniformly in the model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He sought to explain the perceived irregularities in planetary motions while maintaining uniform circular motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He replaced Ptolemy's equant with a combination of two uniform circular motions, one around the center of the orbit and another around an added epicycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The planets move uniformly in circles, as dictated by the idea of perfect, heavenly motions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epicycle was a mathematical device used to correct the inaccuracies in Ptolemy's model of planetary motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copernicus positioned the Sun at the center of the universe, while Ptolemy positioned the Earth at the center. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a preliminary work where Copernicus explored his ideas on the heliocentric model, which was further developed in his later work. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It caused a shift in the way scientists viewed the universe, placing the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the royal road to the unconscious. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are displayed in a disguised form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It revolutionized the study and understanding of dreams. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unconscious mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He viewed individuals as complex, dynamic entities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Libido (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repressed urges find ways to surface, such as through dreams. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The satisfaction of instinctual needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An immediate expression of instinctual desires (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mediate between the Id, Superego, and reality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By coping with external reality for satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Reality Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The instinctual drive for immediate gratification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryos show less change compared to adults. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discomfort arising from unfulfilled needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains knowledge of objective reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structures that have lost their function in a species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks a rational explanation for useless structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explains how ancestors passed these structures down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rudimentary legs of snakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are smaller than their homologues in other species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are entirely new structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar embryonic features suggest common ancestry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of embryology as evidence for evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the idea that embryos from different classes of animals look similar in early development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hereditary diseases provide evidence for the inheritance of traits through developmental stages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flipper of a whale and the leg of a dog (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous structures share a common ancestor, while analogous structures share a common function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary convergence of unrelated species for similar functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparative embryology can be used to identify homologous structures in different species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding an extinct species of dinosaur with similar skeletal features to modern birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of embryos and their development stages, indicating evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Connections between different species based on common ancestry and shared characteristics observed during development.

Physical features that have lost their original function but still exist in a species.

Remnants of legs found in some snakes, which are smaller and non-functional.

The process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, accounting for features like vestigial structures.

Darwin argues against creationism by questioning the existence of useless structures in specially created species.

Structures that have diminished in size or function over time due to lack of use or environmental pressures.

Changes in organisms that result from natural selection, allowing them to thrive in different environments.

The evolutionary process where organisms diversify into different forms to adapt to various environments.

Darwin's 1859 book outlining his theory of evolution and natural selection.

The idea that all living organisms share a common ancestor.

Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution.

The process of organizing species into groups based on shared characteristics.

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

The belief that all organisms were created in their current forms by a divine being.

A method to uncover repressed emotions and associations through dreams.

Freud's idea that dreams are a direct pathway to understanding unconscious thoughts.

The process of suppressing urges and impulses to conform to societal norms.

A therapeutic technique to explore the unconscious by expressing thoughts without censorship.

The part of the personality that mediates between the conscious and unconscious, balancing desires and reality.

The part of the personality that represents societal rules and morals, often in conflict with the Id and Ego.

The instinctual part of the personality that contains basic drives and desires, often repressed.

In Freudian theory, it refers to the energy of the life instinct, driving human behavior and desires.

Body parts in different species that share a common ancestry.

Body parts that perform similar functions but do not share a common ancestral origin.

The ancestral species from which all four-limbed vertebrates descended.

Similarities in embryos of various species during early development.

Stages of growth and development that organisms undergo from embryo to adult.

Offspring develop traits during the same stages their parents did.

Diseases passed down from parents to offspring through genes.

The story of biologist Louis Agassiz's confusion over unlabeled embryos.

A heliocentric model placing the sun at the center of planetary motion.

A point used in Ptolemy's model to explain non-uniform planetary motion.

A smaller circle on which a planet moves, superimposed on its larger orbit.

A pamphlet by Copernicus outlining his new model for planetary motions.

Copernicus's seminal work introducing heliocentrism published in 1543.

Motion at a constant speed in a straight line, as theorized by Copernicus.

The larger circular path around which planets move, in Copernican theory.

Problems with equant circles leading to doubts about planetary motion accuracy.

The inherent need for survival and energy replacement, often represented by terms like 'food, love, security'.

Behavior is directed towards satisfying needs and reducing tension, focusing on immediate gratification.

Psychic processes within the Id that attempt immediate satisfaction without logic or reality checks.

The Ego's drive to find realistic ways to satisfy needs while considering external demands.

The Ego's task is to find equilibrium between the Id, Superego, and reality demands.