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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensation due to its nerve endings?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensation due to its nerve endings?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
Which of the following tissues is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
Which of the following tissues is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
What do dermal papillae do in relation to the epidermis?
What do dermal papillae do in relation to the epidermis?
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Which layer of the skin's dermis contains a network of collagen and reticular fibers?
Which layer of the skin's dermis contains a network of collagen and reticular fibers?
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What is the main role of the hypodermis in relation to the integumentary system?
What is the main role of the hypodermis in relation to the integumentary system?
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Which of the following is true about stretch marks?
Which of the following is true about stretch marks?
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What is the primary structural component of nails?
What is the primary structural component of nails?
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Which part of the hair is responsible for its growth?
Which part of the hair is responsible for its growth?
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Which type of hair is characterized by fine, short strands?
Which type of hair is characterized by fine, short strands?
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What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
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What is the average rate of hair growth per week?
What is the average rate of hair growth per week?
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Which of the following best describes the cuticle of hair?
Which of the following best describes the cuticle of hair?
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What physiological process do sweat glands primarily facilitate?
What physiological process do sweat glands primarily facilitate?
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What is the typical cause of male pattern baldness?
What is the typical cause of male pattern baldness?
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What distinguishes terminal hair from other types of hair?
What distinguishes terminal hair from other types of hair?
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What is the primary function of interferons in the immune response?
What is the primary function of interferons in the immune response?
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Which of the following statements about interleukins is true?
Which of the following statements about interleukins is true?
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How do interferons inhibit viral replication within host cells?
How do interferons inhibit viral replication within host cells?
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Which immune cells are known to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
Which immune cells are known to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
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What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune response?
What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune response?
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Which type of skin cancer is associated with the cells of the stratum basale?
Which type of skin cancer is associated with the cells of the stratum basale?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
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What is a major function of normal flora in the human body?
What is a major function of normal flora in the human body?
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Which skin cancer type is recognized as the most dangerous?
Which skin cancer type is recognized as the most dangerous?
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What does the term 'phagocytosis' literally mean?
What does the term 'phagocytosis' literally mean?
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Which immunological structure is involved in making complement proteins?
Which immunological structure is involved in making complement proteins?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune response?
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What is the main role of cytokines in the immune system?
What is the main role of cytokines in the immune system?
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What feature distinguishes T-lymphocytes in the immune response?
What feature distinguishes T-lymphocytes in the immune response?
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Which type of sweat gland is responsible for producing true sweat composed of 99% water?
Which type of sweat gland is responsible for producing true sweat composed of 99% water?
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What is a characteristic of apocrine glands?
What is a characteristic of apocrine glands?
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What distinguishes third-degree burns from first and second-degree burns?
What distinguishes third-degree burns from first and second-degree burns?
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Which of the following conditions could be considered critical when assessing burn severity?
Which of the following conditions could be considered critical when assessing burn severity?
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What is a potential risk associated with severe burns?
What is a potential risk associated with severe burns?
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Which glands are responsible for producing earwax?
Which glands are responsible for producing earwax?
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What type of skin cancer is commonly characterized by tumors that are benign?
What type of skin cancer is commonly characterized by tumors that are benign?
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Which assessment method is commonly used to estimate the extent of burns on a person's body?
Which assessment method is commonly used to estimate the extent of burns on a person's body?
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What is the composition of true sweat produced by eccrine glands?
What is the composition of true sweat produced by eccrine glands?
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In the case of second-degree burns, what symptom is primarily associated with them?
In the case of second-degree burns, what symptom is primarily associated with them?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system includes skin, hair, fingernails, and glands (sweat and oil).
- The skin acts as a first barrier, protecting the body from harmful substances (e.g., bacteria).
- Skin also helps to regulate body temperature and excrete waste.
- It has multiple layers to provide protection.
Functions of Skin
- Protection
- Synthesis of vitamin D with UV light.
- Homeostasis: regulates body temperature.
- Sensory reception (nerve endings).
Epidermis and Dermis
- The epidermis and dermis are two distinct regions of the skin.
- Skin is made up of different layers forming the epidermis and dermis.
- The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue with collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
- It contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells (WBCs).
- The dermis is important in temperature regulation.
- The dermis has two layers, the papillary and reticular layers.
- The papillary layer is areolar connective tissue containing dermal papillae.
- The reticular layer is a network of collagen and reticular fibers.
Appendages of the Skin
- Hair and hair follicles (derived from epidermis and dermis, found everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia, the arrector pili is smooth muscle)
- Sebaceous (oil) glands (produce sebum by holocrine secretion - oils and lubricates, found everywhere except palms and soles).
- Sweat glands (sudoiferous glands) (found on entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia. Prevent overheating, humans are most efficient, produce in response to stress or heat)
- Nails (hard keratin, corresponds to hooves and claws, grows from nail matrix)
The Immune System
- A functional system, not an organ system.
- Includes skin (physical barrier), lining of mucus membranes (physical barrier), secretions (antimicrobial), blood cells and vasculature (WBCs), bone marrow, liver (complement proteins), lymphatic system, lymphoid organs, and most tissues (resident immune cells)
The Immune System: Responses to Disease and Injury
- The body responds to disease and injury with both nonspecific and specific responses.
- Nonspecific response (innate immunity): a rapid, broad response to a range of microbes.
- Specific response (adaptive immunity): a slower, more targeted response to a specific microbe.
Innate Immunity vs Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity (first line of defense) has no time lag and is not antigen-specific, but has no memory.
- Adaptive immunity (second line of defense) has a lag period with a specific antigen-specific response and memory.
Anatomical Barriers
- Mechanical factors: Skin, mucociliary escalator, flushing action of saliva, tears, urine
- Chemical factors: Lysozyme in tears/saliva, HCI in stomach, peptides in sweat.
- Biological factors: Normal flora (competes with pathogens for nutrients and space).
Innate Immune System: Internal Defenses
- Cellular: Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, TLRs.
- Extracellular: Cytokines, complement, coagulation.
Cytokines
- Small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system.
- Affect behavior of other cells, acting as signaling molecules.
- Key players in both innate and acquired immunity.
- Examples include interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Complement (C')
- A complex system of proteins that react with each other (C1 to C9).
- Binds to microbes, coats them, facilitating phagocytosis.
- Important for innate immunity and enhances adaptive immunity.
- Leads to direct lysis of pathogens.
Coagulation Proteins
- Coagulation is a mechanism for stopping bleeding after injury.
- Mechanisms include platelets, coagulation factors, and vitamin K.
- The pathway is a complex process involving stages.
Disorders of the Integumentary System
- Burns (threat to life due to catastrophic loss of body fluids, resulting in dehydration and circulatory shock. Includes 1st, 2nd, 3rd degrees.
- Infections: Direct Contact, Vector Borne, Wounds.
- Skin cancer (benign and malignant, e.g., warts, skin cancer associated with UV exposure, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma)
Antibodies
- Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells (B-lymphocytes).
- They are essential for adaptive immunity.
- Antibodies bind to specific antigens.
- Possesses both Fab (fragment, antigen binding) and Fc (fragment, constant) regions.
- Exist in soluble and membrane-bound forms.
Specific Response (Adaptive Immunity)
- Involves B and T lymphocytes and plasma cells.
- A reaction to antigens in the body.
- The body responds with the use of the antibodies.
Important Points
- Integumentary system forms a protective layer.
- Critical for defense and homeostasis.
- Immune system is a functional system with innate and adaptive immunity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system with this quiz. Explore various functions of skin layers, hair types, and glandular activity. Answer questions about structure and physiology that are crucial for understanding human skin and its functions.
