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Questions and Answers
What type of skin infection is primarily caused by dermatophytes?
What type of skin infection is primarily caused by dermatophytes?
Which degree of burn involves both the epidermis and part of the dermis?
Which degree of burn involves both the epidermis and part of the dermis?
Which type of skin cancer is classified as a primary skin cancer?
Which type of skin cancer is classified as a primary skin cancer?
What is a characteristic feature of a fourth-degree burn?
What is a characteristic feature of a fourth-degree burn?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a common immune-mediated skin disease?
Which of the following is NOT considered a common immune-mediated skin disease?
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Which of the following skin conditions is characterized as a squamo-proliferative disorder caused by human papillomaviruses?
Which of the following skin conditions is characterized as a squamo-proliferative disorder caused by human papillomaviruses?
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Which type of tinea infection specifically affects the scalp?
Which type of tinea infection specifically affects the scalp?
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Which of the following correctly describes a first-degree burn?
Which of the following correctly describes a first-degree burn?
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What is the main causative agent of impetigo?
What is the main causative agent of impetigo?
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Which immune-mediated skin disease is characterized by blistering and erosions?
Which immune-mediated skin disease is characterized by blistering and erosions?
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Which of the following skin infections is highly contagious and mainly seen in children?
Which of the following skin infections is highly contagious and mainly seen in children?
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Which of these skin infections can regress spontaneously without treatment?
Which of these skin infections can regress spontaneously without treatment?
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Which skin condition is classified as a malignant tumor?
Which skin condition is classified as a malignant tumor?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with chronic inflammatory dermatoses?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with chronic inflammatory dermatoses?
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What type of skin condition is characterized by pustular lesions of hair follicles?
What type of skin condition is characterized by pustular lesions of hair follicles?
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Which of the following skin disorders involve a fungal infection?
Which of the following skin disorders involve a fungal infection?
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What is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
What is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
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Which skin lesion is characterized by a small fluid-filled sac less than 0.5 cm in diameter?
Which skin lesion is characterized by a small fluid-filled sac less than 0.5 cm in diameter?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with skin diseases?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with skin diseases?
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What are common signs of inflammation in skin diseases?
What are common signs of inflammation in skin diseases?
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Which change is NOT commonly observed in the skin due to aging?
Which change is NOT commonly observed in the skin due to aging?
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What skin condition is characterized by an eruption of papules and pustules?
What skin condition is characterized by an eruption of papules and pustules?
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Which term describes a flat, discolored area of skin measuring greater than 1 cm?
Which term describes a flat, discolored area of skin measuring greater than 1 cm?
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Which of the following is NOT a common skin disorder associated with immune dysfunction?
Which of the following is NOT a common skin disorder associated with immune dysfunction?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system is made up of the skin, nails, hair, hair follicles, glands, and neurovascular supply.
- It protects the body from physical, chemical, microbial, and radiation hazards.
- Plays a role in temperature and hydration regulation.
- Acts as an excretory and sensory organ.
- Provides cosmetic function.
Common Skin Lesions and Terminologies
- Urticaria: A raised, itchy rash (wheal) caused by an allergic reaction.
- Eczema: A general term for inflammatory skin conditions like dermatitis.
- Boil: A pus-filled skin lesion (pustule) occurring in a hair follicle.
- Abscess: A larger collection of pus, sometimes with a wall.
- Carbuncle: Multiple boils joined together.
- Papule: A small, solid bump under the skin, less than 0.5cm wide (like a pimple or acne).
- Plaque: A flat, raised area of skin that can be smooth or scaly.
- Nodule: A solid, raised area of skin that extends deeper than a papule.
- Vesicle: A small, fluid-filled blister less than 0.5cm wide.
- Blister: A larger, fluid-filled blister, from 0.5 to 1.0cm wide.
- Bulla: A large, fluid-filled blister, greater than 1cm wide.
- Excoriation: A scratch mark on the skin.
- Fissure: A deep crack in the skin.
- Macule: A flat, non-raised discoloration of the skin up to 1cm wide (like a freckle).
- Patch: A flat, non-raised discoloration of the skin greater than 1cm wide.
- Mole: A pigmented (generally brown) skin growth, usually harmless (nevus).
- Skin Tag: A small, soft, flesh-colored skin growth.
- Wart: A raised, rough growth caused by the human papillomavirus.
- Callosity: A thickened area of skin, usually from repeated pressure or friction.
- Erythema: Redness of the skin, often due to inflammation.
Clinical Features of Skin Diseases
- Symptoms to indicate skin disease include burning, itching, pain, peeling, eruptions/rashes, dry skin, and abnormal sensations.
- Signs of skin disease include inflammation (redness, swelling, heat), eruptions (papules, pustules, vesicles, boils, furuncles, carbuncles), swellings (abscesses), growths (inflammatory, tumors), disruptions (cracks, fissures, erosions, ulcers), pigmentation problems (increased or decreased melanin), roughening or thinning of the skin, and secretions/discharges (serous, pus-like, bloody, mixed).
Ageing and the Integumentary System
- The skin becomes thinner and loses fat, turgor, fullness, and smoothness.
- Veins and bones become more visible.
- Injuries heal more slowly.
- Prolonged exposure to toxins and sunlight can lead to wrinkles, dryness, age spots, and cancer.
Common Skin Conditions/Disorders
- Pigment (melanin) disorders: Freckles, nevus (mole), dysplastic nevi, melanoma.
- Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses: Urticaria, acute eczematous dermatitis, erythema multiforme.
- Chronic Inflammatory Dermatoses: Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus.
- Skin infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic (warts, molluscum contagiosum, impetigo).
- Blistering Diseases (Inflammatory): Pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid.
- Blistering Diseases (Non-Inflammatory): Epidermolysis bullosa, porphyria.
- Tumors (Benign): Seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, fibroepithelial polyp.
- Tumors (Pre-malignant/Malignant): Actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma.
Skin Infections: Viral
- Verrucae (Warts): Squamo-proliferative disorders caused by human papillomaviruses. Occur in younger ages, spread by direct contact, and often regress spontaneously. Various types and locations exist.
- Molluscum Contagiosum: A common, self-limited viral disease of the skin caused by a poxvirus. Often affects younger ages, spreads by direct contact, and usually regresses spontaneously. Various types and locations exist.
Skin Infections: Bacterial
- Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection of the skin caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus (group A β hemolytic). Highly contagious and often seen in children. Affects exposed skin, especially the face and hands.
- Furuncle (Boil): A pustular lesion of a hair follicle and surrounding tissue.
- Carbuncle: Multiple furuncles joined together.
- Abscess: A larger collection of pus, sometimes with a wall.
Skin Infections: Fungal
- Tinea (Ringworm): Dermatophytosis, a superficial skin infection caused by dermatophytes (and occasionally Candida). Various types depending on body location: tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea unguium (nails), tinea cruris (groin), tinea pedis (feet).
- Tinea Versicolor: Caused by Malassezia furfur.
Thermal Injuries of the Skin
- Thermal burns: Skin injuries caused by excessive heat (hot surfaces, liquids, steam, or flame).
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Burn Severity:
- First-degree (superficial): Only epidermis affected. Redness, pain, dryness, no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example.
- Second-degree (partial thickness): Involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. Red, blistered, swollen, and painful.
- Third-degree (full thickness): Destroys the epidermis and dermis, may involve subcutaneous tissue. White or blackened appearance.
- Fourth-degree: Destroys skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and bone. No feeling due to nerve damage. Blackened and nonfunctional.
Skin Cancers
- Primary skin cancers: Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma.
- Secondary or metastatic skin cancers: Cancers that spread to the skin from other locations. Common primaries include melanoma (45%), breast (30%), nasal sinuses (20%), larynx (16%), and oral cavity (12%).
Immune Mediated Skin Diseases (IMSD)
- Some of the most common IMSDs are:
- Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, scleroderma.
- Pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, lichen planus, erythema multiforme, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, including its functions and common skin lesions. This quiz covers essential terminologies like urticaria, eczema, boils, and more. Ideal for students in health sciences or dermatology.
