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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cation in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the primary cation in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which mechanism is NOT directly targeted by Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) to decrease blood pressure?
Which mechanism is NOT directly targeted by Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) to decrease blood pressure?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between blood pressure and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between blood pressure and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
What primarily stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors?
What primarily stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors?
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Which of the following is true regarding extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following is true regarding extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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Which ion is primarily associated with extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which ion is primarily associated with extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on blood pressure?
What effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on blood pressure?
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What is a characteristic of non-electrolytes in body fluids?
What is a characteristic of non-electrolytes in body fluids?
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What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?
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Which hormone is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and increases blood pressure?
Which hormone is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and increases blood pressure?
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What physiological response occurs when blood osmolality increases?
What physiological response occurs when blood osmolality increases?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium rebuild?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium rebuild?
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What occurs in the body when plasma sodium (Na+) levels increase?
What occurs in the body when plasma sodium (Na+) levels increase?
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What is the main consequence of aldosterone's action in the kidneys?
What is the main consequence of aldosterone's action in the kidneys?
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Which event occurs first in the uterine cycle?
Which event occurs first in the uterine cycle?
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What triggers thirst and water absorption in response to high blood osmolality?
What triggers thirst and water absorption in response to high blood osmolality?
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What is the role of POMC/CART neurons in appetite regulation?
What is the role of POMC/CART neurons in appetite regulation?
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Which hormone is most closely associated with long-term regulation of food intake?
Which hormone is most closely associated with long-term regulation of food intake?
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Which mechanism helps to cool the body when temperature rises?
Which mechanism helps to cool the body when temperature rises?
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What process occurs to maintain body temperature when it falls?
What process occurs to maintain body temperature when it falls?
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How is the Total Metabolic Rate calculated?
How is the Total Metabolic Rate calculated?
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What is the primary contributor to heat production during exercise?
What is the primary contributor to heat production during exercise?
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Which of the following has the greatest effect on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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Which mechanism does the hypothalamus activate when body temperature decreases?
Which mechanism does the hypothalamus activate when body temperature decreases?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The dermis is vascularized.
- Epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile epithelial cells.
- Epidermal layers: stratum basale (10-25% melanocytes), stratum corneum (dead keratinocytes), stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer with dendritic cells), stratum granulosum (glycolipids).
- Dermis layers: reticular layer and papillary layer. They differ in structure and function.
- Skin color factors: melanin (dark/medium brown), carotene (yellowish), and hemoglobin (reddish in fair skin).
- Sweat glands: eccrine (everywhere, abundant on palms, soles, forehead, and contains watery secretion) and apocrine (axillary and genital areas, contains fatty substances and proteins, leading to body odor).
- Epidermis is the outer layer, and the hypodermis is not a true part of the skin.
Energy Balance & Thermoregulation
- Factors stimulating hunger and appetite: ghrelin.
- Satiety signals: POMC/CART activation, CCK, insulin, nutrient signals (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids), and neural signals from the GI tract.
- Hormone for long-term food intake regulation: leptin.
- Basal metabolic rate components: BMR (70%), TEF (10%), and physical activity (20%).
Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Body water compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), ECF is further divided into interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma.
- ICF contains fluid inside the cells. ECF surrounds the cells.
- Electrolytes: ions that dissociate in water (Na+, Cl-, K+, HPO42-).
- Nonelectrolytes: do not dissociate in water (glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea).
Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Balance
- Hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect changes to blood pressure, volume, and ECF osmolality.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water reabsorption in kidneys.
- Aldosterone: increases salt reabsorption in kidneys, leading to increased water retention.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): reduces blood volume and blood pressure if levels are high by increasing sodium and water loss via kidneys.
Female and Male Reproduction
- Uterine cycle phases: menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
- Ovarian cycle phases: follicular phase (estrogen peaks) and luteal phase (progesterone peaks), followed by ovulation.
- Female ages related to reproductive end: around ages 40-50.
Fetal Development
- Timing of fertilization and implantation: sperm can be present before ovulation, fertilization occurs within the fallopian tube, and implantation happens in the uterus.
- Embryo development: stages from fertilization, morula, blastocyst, to implantation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin layers, the various cell types present in the epidermis, and the factors affecting skin color. This quiz also covers sweat glands and thermoregulation aspects related to the skin.
