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Questions and Answers
What primarily contributes to the formation of fingerprints?
What primarily contributes to the formation of fingerprints?
Which of the following skin disorders is characterized by rapid growth of cancerous melanocytes?
Which of the following skin disorders is characterized by rapid growth of cancerous melanocytes?
In a skin grafting procedure, which layer of the skin is primarily involved when grafting from the donor site?
In a skin grafting procedure, which layer of the skin is primarily involved when grafting from the donor site?
What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis, characterized by blisters?
What type of burn involves damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis, characterized by blisters?
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Which types of hair are primarily determined by genetic factors and hormone levels?
Which types of hair are primarily determined by genetic factors and hormone levels?
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What treatment is recommended for a first-degree burn?
What treatment is recommended for a first-degree burn?
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Which type of hair is characterized as large, coarse, and darkly pigmented?
Which type of hair is characterized as large, coarse, and darkly pigmented?
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What layer of skin does a third-degree burn extend into?
What layer of skin does a third-degree burn extend into?
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What method is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns?
What method is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns?
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Which of the following types of skin grafts involves transfer of epidermis and both layers of dermis?
Which of the following types of skin grafts involves transfer of epidermis and both layers of dermis?
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What is a common complication that can arise from second-degree burns?
What is a common complication that can arise from second-degree burns?
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What is a characteristic of second-degree burns compared to first-degree burns?
What is a characteristic of second-degree burns compared to first-degree burns?
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Where on the body is hair typically absent?
Where on the body is hair typically absent?
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What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
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What contributes to body odor associated with apocrine sweat glands?
What contributes to body odor associated with apocrine sweat glands?
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Which type of skin cell is responsible for the generation of vitamin D3 in the skin?
Which type of skin cell is responsible for the generation of vitamin D3 in the skin?
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What is the condition that results from a deficiency of calcitriol in children?
What is the condition that results from a deficiency of calcitriol in children?
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What structural component of nails serves to protect exposed surfaces of digits?
What structural component of nails serves to protect exposed surfaces of digits?
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What type of skin lesion is characterized by small, red bumps caused by an inflamed hair follicle?
What type of skin lesion is characterized by small, red bumps caused by an inflamed hair follicle?
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What is a key difference in the secretion between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
What is a key difference in the secretion between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
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What is the expected decrease in skin production of cholecalciferol in the elderly?
What is the expected decrease in skin production of cholecalciferol in the elderly?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- The integumentary system is the body's covering, also known as the skin.
- It acts as the body's first line of defense against the environment.
- The system has three major components: cutaneous membrane, accessory structures, and superficial fascia.
Levels of Organization
- The organization of the human body includes different levels, from chemical to organismal.
- The integumentary system is located at the organ system level.
- It's composed of various organs, tissues, and cells.
Cutaneous Membrane
- The cutaneous membrane is the skin itself.
- The skin is composed of two layers, the epidermis and dermis.
- The epidermis is the outermost layer, and it is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- The dermis is the underlying layer composed of connective tissue.
Accessory Structures
- These structures are associated with the cutaneous membrane.
- Hairs, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are examples of accessory structures.
- These structures perform various functions such as protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.
Superficial Fascia (Subcutaneous Layer)
- The superficial fascia is also known as the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis.
- It separates the skin from deeper structures.
- It consists of both areolar and adipose tissue.
Epidermis
- The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
- It contains 4-5 layers of cells called strata/strata.
- The primary cell type in the epidermis is a keratinocyte.
- Epidermal ridges are adjacent to dermal papillae. This increases surface area to enhance attachment to the underlying dermis.
- Layers of the epidermis include the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
- Stratum basale is connected to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes.
- Keratinocytes divide in the stratum basale to replace more superficial keratinocytes.
- Melanocytes are also found in the stratum basale and produce melanin, determining skin tone.
- Stratum corneum is the outermost layer composed of dead, keratinized cells, providing a waterproof barrier.
- Stratum lucidum is only present in thick skin.
Dermis
- The dermis is below the epidermis.
- The dermis is composed of two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer.
- Papillary layer is superficial and consists of areolar connective tissue.
- Reticular layer is deep and consists of dense irregular connective tissue.
Hypodermis
- The hypodermis is also known as superficial fascia.
- It's located beneath the dermis.
- It consists of areolar and adipose tissue.
- It isolates the skin from deeper tissues and acts as an energy reserve.
Skin Color
- Skin color is determined by melanin, carotene, and blood.
- Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale.
- Darker skin has a higher concentration of melanin.
- Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment that can be obtained from some foods.
- Blood, specifically hemoglobin, also influences skin color. Redder skin indicates increased blood flow, while paler skin indicates less blood flow.
- Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes due to bilirubin buildup in the blood.
- Bruising results from broken blood vessels beneath the skin's surface and displays a range of colors as hemoglobin breaks down.
Epidermal Cancers
- Basal cell carcinoma is the most common epidermal skin cancer, originating in the stratum basale.
- It generally does not metastasize, and most individuals survive the cancer.
- Malignant melanoma is an extremely dangerous skin cancer arising from melanocytes.
- It is characterized by rapid growth and metastasis through the lymphatic system.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is specific to squamous cells and commonly results from UV exposure.
Sensory Perception
- The skin contains various sensory receptors for different sensations such as heat or cold (thermoreceptors), touch (Meissner's corpuscles), pain (nociceptors), and pressure (Pacinian corpuscles).
Burns
- Burns result from exposure to heat, friction, radiation, electrical shock, or strong chemical agents.
- Depths of burns include first-degree (epidermis only), second-degree (dermis and epidermis), and third-degree (full-thickness).
- Deeper burns also involve the hypodermis.
- Severity of burns include area and depth of injury.
- First-degree burns are superficial, causing redness and pain.
- Second-degree burns extend into the dermis and show blistering and pain.
- Third-degree burns involve complete destruction of skin layers, typically causing little pain, due to destroyed nerve endings.
- Skin grafts repair significant burn damage by transferring undamaged skin from other areas of the body or a cadaver or animal.
- Rule of nines is a method for estimating burn percentages.
Hair
- Hair grows and sheds in a hair growth cycle.
- Hair functions to protect the scalp and regulate heat loss.
- Hair is composed of a hair shaft, hair root, hair follicle, root hair plexus, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands.
- Terminal hairs are coarse, dark hairs found on the scalp, armpits, and face.
- Vellus hairs are fine, short, and delicate and are located over the rest of the body.
- Hair follicles are complex structures composed of epithelial and connective tissue.
- Hair matrix actively divides basal cells in contact with the hair papilla.
- Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin.
- Arrector pili muscles are smooth muscles that cause hairs to stand on end when they contract.
Exocrine Glands
- Exocrine glands, including sebaceous and sweat glands, secrete substances onto the skin's surface.
- Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oil that lubricates and protects the skin and hair.
- Sweat glands secrete sweat, a watery fluid, to regulate body temperature.
- Acne is a common skin condition caused by blocked sebaceous glands.
- Sweat glands include two types, eccrine and apocrine.
- Eccrine glands are responsible for thermoregulation via perspiration.
- Apocrine glands release a sticky secretion involved in body odor and localized hormone activity.
Nails
- Nails are hard, keratinized plates that protect the tips of the fingers and toes.
- Nails are made up of keratinized epidermal cells.
Interactions & Changes
- The skin can change structurally and functionally in response to the environment and age.
- Age-related changes in the skin include fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thin epidermis, diminished immune response, thinner dermis, and decreased perspiration.
Integument & Endocrine/Digestive/Skeletal Systems
- Hormones and other components between systems can directly affect the skin's structure and function.
- Sunlight triggers the production of Vitamin D3, which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption.
- Insufficient calcitriol can lead to rickets in children or decreased bone density in adults due to reduced Vitamin D3 stimulation.
Integument Injury & Repair
- The skin can be damaged in many ways but can regenerate.
- Skin regeneration follows an inflammatory phase, migration phase, proliferation phase, and scarring phase.
- There are four major phases in skin regeneration: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and scarring, each with distinct changes.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of the integumentary system, focusing on its main components, including the cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. It provides insight into the skin's role as a protective barrier and its organization within the human body. Test your knowledge on the skin's layers and associated structures.
