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Questions and Answers
What substance is produced by sebaceous glands?
Cyanosis is characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin.
False
What is a major effect of chemotherapeutic agents on hair?
They induce hair loss by interrupting the life cycle of hair matrix cells.
Partial-thickness burns involve injury that affects the _____ layer of the skin.
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Match the skin conditions with their characteristics:
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What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
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The integumentary system is responsible for the synthesis of vitamin C.
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What process is called when epidermal cells become filled with keratin?
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The skin covers an area of about ________ square meters.
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Match the following functions of the integumentary system with their descriptions:
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Which layer of the skin is the most superficial?
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The skin is avascular, meaning it contains no blood vessels.
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Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and in gland ________.
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What type of cells primarily make up the stratum basale?
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The stratum corneum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
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What is the primary function of melanocytes?
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The middle layer of the epidermis is called the __________.
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Match the following skin disorders or conditions with their descriptions:
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Which layer of the dermis contains many blood vessels that supply the epidermis?
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Eumelanin provides a yellow to red pigmentation of the skin.
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How often do cells in the stratum basale undergo mitotic division?
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Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the integumentary system?
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Full-thickness burns involve damage to the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues.
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What is the primary role of sensory receptors in the skin?
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Ultraviolet light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin modified into _____ by the liver and kidneys.
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Match the type of skin cancer with its description:
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What is the function of melanocytes in the skin?
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Stretch marks are a result of skin being stretched too much, leading to internal scarring in the dermis.
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What condition is characterized by the partial or complete loss of melanocytes?
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Albinism results in a deficiency or absence of __________.
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Match the skin conditions with their causes:
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Which skin structure functions as padding and insulation?
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Accessory structures of the skin include hair, sweat glands, and nails.
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What is the term for the loose connective tissue layer that attaches skin to underlying structures?
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Study Notes
Accessory Structures of the Skin
- Hair growth is interrupted by chemotherapeutic agents, as they affect rapidly dividing cells, such as hair matrix cells
- Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids
- Sweat glands produce perspiration, which is released into hair follicles or onto the skin surface
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures: hair, glands, and nails
- Skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane, covering the external surface of the body
- It covers an area of approximately 2 square meters and weighs 4.5-5 kg, representing 7% of total body weight
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protection: Skin defends against abrasion, UV light, microbes, and dehydration
- Sensation: Skin contains sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain
- Vitamin D production: Skin produces a precursor molecule that transforms into vitamin D when exposed to UV light
- Temperature regulation: Blood flow and sweat gland activity help regulate body temperature
- Excretion: Skin and glands eliminate small amounts of waste products
Skin Layers
- The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium, and is avascular
- The dermis is composed of dense collagenous connective tissue
- The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is loose connective tissue with adipose tissue, attaching the skin to underlying structures
Epidermis
- The stratum basale is the deepest stratum of the epidermis, with squamous cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitosis
- The stratum spinosum consists of 8-10 layers of cells appearing to have thorn-like spines
- The stratum granulosum is the middle layer of the epidermis, containing 3-5 layers
- The stratum lucidum is present only in thick skin of areas like fingertips and soles, consisting of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes
- The stratum corneum is the most superficial stratum, consisting of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes, constantly shed and replaced
Dermis
- Dermal papillae are small nippled structures projecting into the epidermis, containing blood vessels supplying the epidermis
- Melanocytes produce melanin, responsible for skin, hair, and eye color
- Melanin protects against UV light and comes in two types: pheomelanin (yellow to red) and eumelanin (brown to black)
Subcutaneous Tissue
- Also known as hypodermis, it contains half the body's stored lipids and attaches the skin to underlying structures
- Adipose tissue, a component of the subcutaneous tissue, functions as padding and insulation
Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid
- Cyanosis: A bluish skin discoloration due to decreased blood oxygen content, indicating impaired circulatory or respiratory function
- Jaundice: A yellowish skin discoloration caused by liver damage, resulting in a buildup of bilirubin in the blood
Burns
- Partial-thickness burns can be first-degree (only epidermis) or second-degree (epidermis and dermis)
- Full-thickness burns (third-degree) destroy the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues
Clinical Connections
- Dandruff: Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the scalp
- Callus: Increased layers of the stratum corneum due to friction
- Corn: Thickened stratum corneum over bony prominences
- Psoriasis: A chronic skin disorder where keratinocytes divide rapidly
- Stretch marks: Internal scarring from damage to the dermis due to excessive stretching
- Freckles: Increased melanin production in localized areas
- Albinism: Recessive genetic trait with melanin deficiency or absence
- Vitiligo: Loss of melanocytes, creating irregular white spots on the skin
- Sun tan: Increased melanin production stimulated by UV light
- Linia nigra: Increased melanin production during pregnancy due to hormones like estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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Description
This quiz covers the accessory structures of the skin, their functions, and the overall integumentary system. Learn about the role of hair, glands, and nails, as well as how the skin protects the body and regulates temperature. Test your knowledge on this vital body system.
