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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
- To provide sensation
- To synthesize vitamin D
- To form a barrier against heat, light, water, and pathogens (correct)
- To regulate body temperature
What is the main characteristic of the dermis?
What is the main characteristic of the dermis?
- It is the thinnest layer of the skin
- It is composed of elastic connective tissue (correct)
- It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
- It is avascular and lacks blood vessels
What is the function of melanocytes in the stratum spinosum?
What is the function of melanocytes in the stratum spinosum?
- To produce melanin, which gives skin its color (correct)
- To produce keratin
- To synthesize vitamin D
- To regulate body temperature
What is the process by which cells in the stratum corneum are continuously shed?
What is the process by which cells in the stratum corneum are continuously shed?
What is the layer of the epidermis where new cells are formed and migrate upward?
What is the layer of the epidermis where new cells are formed and migrate upward?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of immunity?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of immunity?
What is the role of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
What is the role of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?
What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
What is the structure of the epidermis?
What is the structure of the epidermis?
What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the skin caused by low oxygen levels?
What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the skin caused by low oxygen levels?
What is the medical term for a wound or local damage to tissue?
What is the medical term for a wound or local damage to tissue?
What is the term for a spot that is even with the surface of the skin?
What is the term for a spot that is even with the surface of the skin?
What is the term for a blister?
What is the term for a blister?
What is the term for a wound that extends to the subcutaneous layer with full thickness skin loss?
What is the term for a wound that extends to the subcutaneous layer with full thickness skin loss?
What is the term for the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
What is the term for the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
What is the term for the process of wound contraction?
What is the term for the process of wound contraction?
What is the effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?
What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the primary function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?
What is the primary function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?
What type of receptor is responsible for detecting cold and heat?
What type of receptor is responsible for detecting cold and heat?
What is the main component of hair?
What is the main component of hair?
What is the function of arrector pili muscle in relation to hair?
What is the function of arrector pili muscle in relation to hair?
What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?
What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?
What is the term for the inability to synthesize melanin, resulting in a lack of pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair?
What is the term for the inability to synthesize melanin, resulting in a lack of pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair?
What is the term for the increased redness of the skin caused by vasodilation, usually related to fever?
What is the term for the increased redness of the skin caused by vasodilation, usually related to fever?
What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?
What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?
What is the growth region of the nail?
What is the growth region of the nail?
What is the function of the nail plate?
What is the function of the nail plate?
What is the primary function of the reticular region of the dermis?
What is the primary function of the reticular region of the dermis?
Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting discriminatory touch?
Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting discriminatory touch?
What is the main component of the nail plate?
What is the main component of the nail plate?
Which type of gland produces cerumen?
Which type of gland produces cerumen?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
What is the primary cause of jaundice in liver disease?
What is the primary cause of jaundice in liver disease?
What is the primary function of hair?
What is the primary function of hair?
What is the characteristic of a macule?
What is the characteristic of a macule?
What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?
What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?
What is the primary function of temperature receptors?
What is the primary function of temperature receptors?
What is the primary effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the primary effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the primary function of the nail bed?
What is the primary function of the nail bed?
What is the characteristic of a papule?
What is the characteristic of a papule?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by full thickness skin loss with exposed muscle, bone, or tendons?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by full thickness skin loss with exposed muscle, bone, or tendons?
What is the phase of wound healing characterized by hemostasis and inflammation?
What is the phase of wound healing characterized by hemostasis and inflammation?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the characteristic of a vesicle?
What is the characteristic of a vesicle?
What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?
What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?
What is the primary function of the papillary region of the dermis?
What is the primary function of the papillary region of the dermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new cells that migrate upward?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new cells that migrate upward?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?
What is the characteristic of the dermis that allows it to stretch?
What is the characteristic of the dermis that allows it to stretch?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
What is the term for the process of shedding dead cells from the stratum corneum?
What is the term for the process of shedding dead cells from the stratum corneum?
What is the function of the epidermis in terms of sensation?
What is the function of the epidermis in terms of sensation?
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of excretion?
What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of excretion?
What is the structure of the epidermis?
What is the structure of the epidermis?
What is the primary characteristic of a pustule?
What is the primary characteristic of a pustule?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a red area that does not blanch when pressed?
What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a red area that does not blanch when pressed?
What is the effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the effect of aging on wound healing?
What is the term for the yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by bile pigments in the blood?
What is the term for the yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by bile pigments in the blood?
What is the term for a local damage to tissue?
What is the term for a local damage to tissue?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?
What is the phase of wound healing characterized by granulation and contraction?
What is the phase of wound healing characterized by granulation and contraction?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?
What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?
What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the term for the break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?
What is the term for the break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?
What is the primary function of the Stratum Germinativum in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the Stratum Germinativum in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the ceruminous glands?
What is the primary function of the ceruminous glands?
What is the main characteristic of the dermis in terms of its structure?
What is the main characteristic of the dermis in terms of its structure?
What is the primary function of the Meissner's corpuscles?
What is the primary function of the Meissner's corpuscles?
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
What is the primary function of the melanocytes?
What is the primary function of the melanocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for containing melanocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for containing melanocytes?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?
What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?
What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system has several functions:
- Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
- Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
- Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Absorption
- Synthesis of vitamin D
Skin and Accessory Structures
- The skin consists of three layers:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer
Epidermis: The Outer Layer
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
- Divided into five strata or layers
- Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
- Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
- Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
- Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division
Dermis: True Skin
- Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
- Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
- Contains most skin accessory structures
- Divided into two regions:
- Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
- Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)
- Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
- Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
- Rich blood and nerve supply
Skin Appendages
- Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
- Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance
Sensory Receptors
- Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
- Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
- Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
- Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings
Skin Appendages: Hair
- Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
- Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
- Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
- Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
- Arrector pili muscle
Skin Appendages: Nails
- Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
- Nail matrix: growth region
- Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
- Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
- Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
- Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp
Observations of the Skin
- Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
- Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
- Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
- Discoloration:
- Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
- Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
- Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
- Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
- Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
- Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood
Wound Healing
- Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
- Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
- Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)
Effects of Aging on the Skin
- Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
- Wrinkles
- Loss of skin turgor
- Prolonged wound healing time
- Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
- Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system has several functions:
- Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
- Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
- Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Absorption
- Synthesis of vitamin D
Skin and Accessory Structures
- The skin consists of three layers:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer
Epidermis: The Outer Layer
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
- Divided into five strata or layers
- Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
- Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
- Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
- Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division
Dermis: True Skin
- Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
- Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
- Contains most skin accessory structures
- Divided into two regions:
- Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
- Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)
- Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
- Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
- Rich blood and nerve supply
Skin Appendages
- Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
- Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance
Sensory Receptors
- Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
- Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
- Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
- Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings
Skin Appendages: Hair
- Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
- Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
- Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
- Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
- Arrector pili muscle
Skin Appendages: Nails
- Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
- Nail matrix: growth region
- Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
- Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
- Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
- Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp
Observations of the Skin
- Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
- Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
- Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
- Discoloration:
- Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
- Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
- Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
- Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
- Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
- Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood
Wound Healing
- Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
- Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
- Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)
Effects of Aging on the Skin
- Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
- Wrinkles
- Loss of skin turgor
- Prolonged wound healing time
- Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
- Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system has several functions:
- Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
- Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
- Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Absorption
- Synthesis of vitamin D
Skin and Accessory Structures
- The skin consists of three layers:
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer
Epidermis: The Outer Layer
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
- Divided into five strata or layers
- Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
- Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
- Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
- Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division
Dermis: True Skin
- Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
- Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
- Contains most skin accessory structures
- Divided into two regions:
- Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
- Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)
- Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
- Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
- Rich blood and nerve supply
Skin Appendages
- Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
- Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance
Sensory Receptors
- Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
- Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
- Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
- Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings
Skin Appendages: Hair
- Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
- Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
- Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
- Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
- Arrector pili muscle
Skin Appendages: Nails
- Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
- Nail matrix: growth region
- Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
- Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
- Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
- Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp
Observations of the Skin
- Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
- Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
- Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
- Discoloration:
- Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
- Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
- Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
- Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
- Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
- Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood
Wound Healing
- Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
- Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
- Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)
Effects of Aging on the Skin
- Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
- Wrinkles
- Loss of skin turgor
- Prolonged wound healing time
- Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
- Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile
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