Integumentary System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?

  • To provide sensation
  • To synthesize vitamin D
  • To form a barrier against heat, light, water, and pathogens (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature

    • What is the main characteristic of the dermis?

  • It is the thinnest layer of the skin
  • It is composed of elastic connective tissue (correct)
  • It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
  • It is avascular and lacks blood vessels

    • What is the function of melanocytes in the stratum spinosum?

  • To produce melanin, which gives skin its color (correct)
  • To produce keratin
  • To synthesize vitamin D
  • To regulate body temperature

    • What is the process by which cells in the stratum corneum are continuously shed?

    <p>Desquamation or exfoliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the epidermis where new cells are formed and migrate upward?

    <p>Stratum germinativum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of immunity?

    <p>To serve as the first line of immune defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?

    <p>To serve as a blood reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?

    <p>To contain fine elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>To protect the body and regulate various bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the epidermis?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bluish discoloration of the skin caused by low oxygen levels?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for a wound or local damage to tissue?

    <p>Lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a spot that is even with the surface of the skin?

    <p>Macule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a blister?

    <p>Vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a wound that extends to the subcutaneous layer with full thickness skin loss?

    <p>Stage III Pressure Ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

    <p>Inflammatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of wound contraction?

    <p>Contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on wound healing?

    <p>Prolonged time for wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?

    <p>Diminished thermoregulatory abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?

    <p>Reduced circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Lubrication of skin and hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is responsible for detecting cold and heat?

    <p>Krauses corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of hair?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of arrector pili muscle in relation to hair?

    <p>To cause hair to stand upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?

    <p>To produce cerumen (ear wax)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to synthesize melanin, resulting in a lack of pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair?

    <p>Albinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased redness of the skin caused by vasodilation, usually related to fever?

    <p>Flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?

    <p>Pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the growth region of the nail?

    <p>Nail matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nail plate?

    <p>To protect fingers and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reticular region of the dermis?

    <p>To contain dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting discriminatory touch?

    <p>Meisners corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the nail plate?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland produces cerumen?

    <p>Ceruminous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>To contain large amounts of adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of jaundice in liver disease?

    <p>Rapid RBC hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hair?

    <p>To protect from injury and trap foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a macule?

    <p>Spot that is even with the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in skin coloration caused by decreased blood flow or anemia?

    <p>Pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?

    <p>Stage II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of temperature receptors?

    <p>To detect cold and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aging on wound healing?

    <p>Prolonged time for wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nail bed?

    <p>To provide a layer of epithelium for the nail plate to rest on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a papule?

    <p>Firm raised area on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanocytes?

    <p>To provide color to the hair and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by full thickness skin loss with exposed muscle, bone, or tendons?

    <p>Stage IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of wound healing characterized by hemostasis and inflammation?

    <p>Inflammatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?

    <p>Reduced circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a vesicle?

    <p>Blister on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on the skin's thermoregulatory abilities?

    <p>Reduced thermoregulatory abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the papillary region of the dermis?

    <p>To contain fine elastic fibers and areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for producing new cells that migrate upward?

    <p>Stratum germinativum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?

    <p>Regulation of body temperature and acting as a blood reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the dermis that allows it to stretch?

    <p>It is composed of elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of shedding dead cells from the stratum corneum?

    <p>Desquamation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epidermis in terms of sensation?

    <p>It detects cold and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?

    <p>Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the integumentary system in terms of excretion?

    <p>Removal of waste products through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the epidermis?

    <p>Five layers of stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pustule?

    <p>A blister filled with pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of pressure ulcer characterized by a red area that does not blanch when pressed?

    <p>Stage I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on wound healing?

    <p>Healing time is prolonged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by bile pigments in the blood?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a local damage to tissue?

    <p>Lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>To connect the skin to the underlying surface muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of wound healing characterized by granulation and contraction?

    <p>Proliferation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on skin circulation?

    <p>Circulation is decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?

    <p>To detect pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?

    <p>To raise hair follicles, causing goosebumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in the skin with partial loss of epidermis or dermis?

    <p>Stage II pressure ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Stratum Germinativum in the epidermis?

    <p>To undergo continuous cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ceruminous glands?

    <p>To produce cerumen, or ear wax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the dermis in terms of its structure?

    <p>It is composed of elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Meissner's corpuscles?

    <p>To detect discriminatory touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?

    <p>To store energy in the form of fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the melanocytes?

    <p>To produce melanin, providing skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for containing melanocytes?

    <p>Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system in terms of homeostasis?

    <p>To regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the papillary region of the dermis?

    <p>To contain fine elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system has several functions:
      • Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
      • Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
      • Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
      • Sensation
      • Excretion
      • Absorption
      • Synthesis of vitamin D

    Skin and Accessory Structures

    • The skin consists of three layers:
      • Epidermis
      • Dermis
      • Subcutaneous layer

    Epidermis: The Outer Layer

    • Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
    • Divided into five strata or layers
    • Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
    • Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
    • Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
    • Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division

    Dermis: True Skin

    • Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
    • Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
    • Contains most skin accessory structures
    • Divided into two regions:
      • Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
      • Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers

    Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)

    • Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
    • Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
    • Rich blood and nerve supply

    Skin Appendages

    • Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
    • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
    • Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance

    Sensory Receptors

    • Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
    • Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
    • Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
    • Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings

    Skin Appendages: Hair

    • Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
    • Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
    • Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
    • Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
    • Arrector pili muscle

    Skin Appendages: Nails

    • Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
    • Nail matrix: growth region
    • Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
    • Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
    • Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
    • Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp

    Observations of the Skin

    • Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
    • Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
    • Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
    • Discoloration:
      • Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
      • Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
      • Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
      • Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
      • Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
      • Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood

    Wound Healing

    • Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
    • Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
    • Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)

    Effects of Aging on the Skin

    • Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
    • Wrinkles
    • Loss of skin turgor
    • Prolonged wound healing time
    • Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
    • Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile

    Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system has several functions:
      • Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
      • Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
      • Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
      • Sensation
      • Excretion
      • Absorption
      • Synthesis of vitamin D

    Skin and Accessory Structures

    • The skin consists of three layers:
      • Epidermis
      • Dermis
      • Subcutaneous layer

    Epidermis: The Outer Layer

    • Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
    • Divided into five strata or layers
    • Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
    • Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
    • Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
    • Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division

    Dermis: True Skin

    • Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
    • Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
    • Contains most skin accessory structures
    • Divided into two regions:
      • Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
      • Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers

    Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)

    • Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
    • Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
    • Rich blood and nerve supply

    Skin Appendages

    • Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
    • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
    • Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance

    Sensory Receptors

    • Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
    • Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
    • Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
    • Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings

    Skin Appendages: Hair

    • Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
    • Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
    • Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
    • Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
    • Arrector pili muscle

    Skin Appendages: Nails

    • Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
    • Nail matrix: growth region
    • Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
    • Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
    • Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
    • Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp

    Observations of the Skin

    • Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
    • Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
    • Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
    • Discoloration:
      • Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
      • Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
      • Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
      • Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
      • Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
      • Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood

    Wound Healing

    • Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
    • Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
    • Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)

    Effects of Aging on the Skin

    • Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
    • Wrinkles
    • Loss of skin turgor
    • Prolonged wound healing time
    • Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
    • Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile

    Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system has several functions:
      • Protection: physical protection of the body and first line of immune defense
      • Regulation of body temperature (homeostasis)
      • Blood reservoir (homeostasis)
      • Sensation
      • Excretion
      • Absorption
      • Synthesis of vitamin D

    Skin and Accessory Structures

    • The skin consists of three layers:
      • Epidermis
      • Dermis
      • Subcutaneous layer

    Epidermis: The Outer Layer

    • Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
    • Divided into five strata or layers
    • Avascular, with new cells formed in the lowest strata and migrating upward
    • Stratum corneum: 25-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin
    • Stratum spinosum: 8-10 rows of cells with melanocytes that produce melanin
    • Stratum germinativum (basale): single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells capable of cell division

    Dermis: True Skin

    • Composed of elastic connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
    • Varies in thickness depending on the area it covers
    • Contains most skin accessory structures
    • Divided into two regions:
      • Papillary region: areolar connective tissue with fine elastic fibers and dermal papillae
      • Reticular region: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and coarse elastic fibers

    Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia)

    • Connects the skin to underlying surface muscles
    • Contains large amounts of adipose tissue and elastic fibers
    • Rich blood and nerve supply

    Skin Appendages

    • Sebaceous glands: exocrine glands producing sebum that lubricates skin and hair
    • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: exocrine glands producing sweat for temperature regulation and waste excretion
    • Ceruminous glands: modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax) that prevents foreign body entrance

    Sensory Receptors

    • Touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles) in the dermis for discriminatory touch
    • Pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) in the subcutaneous layer and serous membranes
    • Temperature receptors (Krause's corpuscles) for cold and heat
    • Pain receptors (nociceptors) as free nerve endings

    Skin Appendages: Hair

    • Composed mainly of keratin-filled dead cells
    • Hair shaft: part of the hair above the skin
    • Hair root: part of the hair under the skin
    • Functions: protection from injury, trapping foreign particles
    • Arrector pili muscle

    Skin Appendages: Nails

    • Made of hard keratin produced by cells in the outer layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum)
    • Nail matrix: growth region
    • Nail root: part that does not project from the skin
    • Nail plate: part that projects out of the skin
    • Nail bed: layer of epithelium that the nail plate rests on
    • Functions: protect fingers and toes, assist with fine grasp

    Observations of the Skin

    • Pigmentation: generated by melanocytes, increased by UV radiation
    • Carotene in the subcutaneous layer adds to skin color
    • Hemoglobin also contributes to skin color
    • Discoloration:
      • Albinism: hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
      • Tanning: increase in melanin caused by UV radiation
      • Pallor: decreased coloration due to decreased blood flow or anemia
      • Flushing: increased redness due to vasodilation
      • Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to low O2 levels
      • Jaundice: yellow discoloration due to bile pigments in the blood

    Wound Healing

    • Inflammatory phase (2-5 days): hemostasis, inflammation
    • Proliferation (2 days-3 weeks): granulation, contraction, epithelialization
    • Remodeling (3 weeks-2 years)

    Effects of Aging on the Skin

    • Loss of elasticity due to decreased collagen and subcutaneous fat
    • Wrinkles
    • Loss of skin turgor
    • Prolonged wound healing time
    • Thermoregulatory abilities diminished
    • Circulation reduced, skin becomes fragile

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