IV Therapy Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following veins is located on the radial (thumb-side) portion of the forearm?

  • Cephalic vein (correct)
  • Basilic vein
  • Median vein
  • Cubital vein

    • Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect vein size and condition?

  • Age
  • Blood pressure
  • Hydration
  • Body mass index (BMI) (correct)

    • In which of the following situations should lower extremity veins be accessed?

  • Emergency situations in adult patients
  • Routine medication administration in adult patients
  • Pediatric patients with difficult-to-cannulate veins (correct)
  • Adult patients with difficult-to-cannulate veins

    • Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between arteries and veins?

    <p>Deep veins are located within the same sheath as arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of valves in veins?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of superficial veins?

    <p>Located in the superficial fascia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circulation involves blood flow through the heart and lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the function of arteries?

    <p>Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epidermis?

    <p>Acts as a barrier against infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

    <p>Production of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?

    <p>Supplies blood to the glomerulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential sign of fluid overload?

    <p>Dyspnea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sweat glands?

    <p>To regulate body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone directly conserves water by acting on the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is clipping hair preferable to shaving in terms of infection risk?

    <p>Shaving removes hair from the root, increasing the risk of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is normally absent in urine?

    <p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates systemic circulation in the heart?

    <p>Left atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of veins compared to arteries?

    <p>Valves that prevent backflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration is likely to affect which aspect of veins?

    <p>Vein visibility for cannulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is situated on the ulnar side of the forearm?

    <p>Basilic vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily involves the exchange of gases?

    <p>Capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulatory loop provides blood to the lungs for oxygenation?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would most likely complicate vein cannulation in older adults?

    <p>Diminished vein elasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the digital veins primarily located?

    <p>On the dorsal aspect of the fingers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could indicate glomerular damage when present in urine?

    <p>Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the dermis in the integumentary system?

    <p>Contains nerve endings and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the respiratory system is false?

    <p>Oxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the pulmonary veins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the sebaceous glands?

    <p>Production of an oily substance for lubrication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the urinary system?

    <p>To conserve water by acting on the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone indirectly control urine production?

    <p>By causing the kidneys to retain sodium, leading to water retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the integumentary system serves as the first line of defense against infection?

    <p>Epidermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main function do sweat glands serve in the body?

    <p>To cool the body through evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

    <p>Glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs might indicate fluid overload in the respiratory system?

    <p>Dyspnea and increased respiratory effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is thicker in areas of more frequent use?

    <p>Epidermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Integumentary System

    The system composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands.

    Epidermis

    The outer layer of the skin, thicker in frequent-use areas.

    Dermis

    The thicker inner layer of the skin, sensitive and vascular.

    Sebaceous Glands

    Glands that secrete oil to keep skin and hair lubricated.

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    Respiratory System

    System that supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood.

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    Nephron

    Functional unit of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood.

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    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    Hormone that conserves water by acting on the kidneys.

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    Aldosterone

    Hormone that indirectly controls urine production in kidneys.

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    Normal Urine Composition

    Urine should ideally not contain bacteria, glucose, protein, or red blood cells.

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    Protein in Urine

    Presence of protein indicates potential glomerular damage or kidney issues.

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    Urine Color and Hydration

    Urine color ranges from clear yellow to amber; darker colors indicate dehydration.

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    Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulation

    Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to the lungs; systemic circulation involves blood flow to the rest of the body.

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    Vein Characteristics

    Veins are thinner than arteries, may have valves to prevent backflow, and are located in superficial and deep layers.

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    Factors Affecting Vein Access

    Factors like age, disease, blood pressure, and hydration can impact vein visibility and access for cannulation.

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    Digital and Metacarpal Veins

    Digital veins are on fingers; metacarpal veins are on the dorsal hand.

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    Skin Functions

    The skin acts as the body's first defense against infection.

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    Layers of Skin

    The skin has two main layers: the epidermis and dermis.

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    Epidermis Thickness

    Variability in epidermis thickness occurs in areas of frequent use.

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    Dermis Characteristics

    The dermis is sensitive and rich in blood vessels and nerve endings.

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    Sebaceous Gland Function

    Sebaceous glands secrete oil to keep skin and hair moist.

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    Sweat Gland Role

    Sweat glands produce sweat to regulate body temperature.

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    Pulmonary Artery Function

    Deoxygenated blood enters the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

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    Fluid Overload Symptoms

    Signs include dyspnea, increased respiratory effort, and cough.

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    Glomerulus Role

    The glomerulus filters blood in the nephron.

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    ADH and Water Retention

    ADH conserves water by acting on the kidneys to retain it.

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    Components of Circulatory System

    The circulatory system includes pulmonary and systemic circulation.

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    Pulmonary Circulation

    Blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back; starts at right atrium.

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    Systemic Circulation

    Blood flow from the heart to the body except lungs; starts at left atrium.

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    Veins and Arteries

    Veins carry deoxygenated blood back, arteries carry oxygenated blood away.

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    Vein Anatomy

    Veins are thinner than arteries and may contain valves to prevent backflow.

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    Indicators of Hydration

    Urine color varies; darker colors indicate dehydration.

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    Factors Affecting Vein Health

    Age, disease, blood pressure, and hydration impact vein condition.

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    Jugular Veins

    Veins in the neck; should not be accessed by LPNs.

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    Cannulation Challenges

    Difficulties in vein access can arise from factors like dehydration and low blood pressure.

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    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system comprises the skin, hair, nails, and glands.
    • The skin is the largest organ, acting as the first line of defence against infection.
    • The skin is bilayered:
      • The epidermis, the outer layer, thickens in areas of high friction.
      • The dermis, the inner layer, is vascular and sensitive, housing nerve endings and blood vessels.
    • The superficial fascia, beneath the dermis, holds superficial/peripheral veins.
    • Clipping hair, instead of shaving, reduces infection risk and pain due to the deeper hair root structure.
    • Sebaceous glands secrete oils to maintain skin and hair moisture.
    • Sweat glands produce sweat for thermoregulation.
    • Excessive sweating or sebum production can hinder tape adherence.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system facilitates oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
    • It maintains acid-base balance via carbonic acid production.
    • Deoxygenated blood enters lung capillaries via the pulmonary artery.
    • Oxygen from alveoli diffuses into capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to alveoli.
    • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
    • Fluid overload compromises gas exchange and respiratory function, necessitating monitoring of lung sounds and respiratory rate.
    • Fluid overload signs include dyspnea, increased respiratory effort, cough, and decreased oxygen saturation.
    • Daily weights aid in fluid overload assessment.

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system regulates fluid/electrolyte balance, removes waste, and controls blood pressure.
    • The nephron, the kidney's functional unit, filters blood.
    • The glomerulus, within the nephron, is the filtration structure.
    • The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus, while the efferent arteriole drains it, maintaining high glomerular capillary pressure.
    • The bladder stores urine prior to expulsion.
    • The urethra conveys urine from the bladder to the exterior.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), stored in the posterior pituitary, conserves water by direct kidney action.
    • Aldosterone, secreted by adrenal glands, indirectly regulates urine production by causing sodium and water retention.
    • Normal urine lacks bacteria, glucose, protein, and red blood cells.
    • Proteinuria suggests glomerular damage.
    • Urine color ranges from clear yellow to amber, with darker hues indicating dehydration.

    Circulatory System

    • The circulatory system encompasses pulmonary (heart-lung) and systemic (body) circulation.
    • Pulmonary circulation starts at the right atrium, and systemic circulation begins at the left atrium.
    • The left heart supplies the body; the right heart supplies the lungs.
    • Central circulation involves the heart and lungs, encompassing the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, and aorta.
    • Systemic circulation begins with the aorta, branching into arteries, arterioles, capillaries for gas exchange, venules, veins, and ultimately the superior and inferior vena cava.
    • Deoxygenated blood originates in the right atrium and is oxygenated in the lungs.
    • Oxygenated blood traverses the heart and enters systemic circulation.
    • Arteries carry oxygenated blood until reaching capillaries where oxygen releases and waste products are absorbed.
    • Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
    • Superficial veins reside in the superficial fascia and may connect to deeper veins.
    • Deep veins are in the same sheath as arteries.
    • Vein valves prevent backflow.
    • Veins are thinner than arteries and may rupture during cannulation.
    • Cool temperatures cause vasoconstriction and pain, while heat dilates veins for easier access.
    • Smooth inner vein walls enable smooth blood flow.
    • Arteries are more susceptible to embolisms and should not be used for intravenous therapy.

    Identifying Veins

    • Digital veins are on the lateral and dorsal finger surfaces.
    • Metacarpal veins are on the dorsal hand.
    • Cephalic veins are on the radial (thumb-side) forearm.
    • Basilic veins are on the ulnar (pinky-side) forearm.
    • Upper cephalic veins are located above the elbow.
    • Median veins are on the forearm superior to the palm.
    • Cubital veins are in the elbow bend.
    • Jugular veins in the neck should not be accessed by an LPN.
    • Lower extremity veins (feet and legs) should only be cannulated in pediatric patients, not adults, and never by an LPN.

    Factors Affecting Vein Size and Condition

    • Age: Older individuals often have less easily cannulable veins.
    • Disease: Pre-existing medical conditions affect vein health.
    • Blood pressure: Lower blood pressure impedes cannulation.
    • Hydration: Dehydration affects vein visibility and accessibility.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the integumentary and respiratory systems! This quiz covers key concepts about the skin, hair, glands, and their functions, as well as the basics of the respiratory system. Enhance your understanding of human anatomy and physiology with these focused questions.

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