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Questions and Answers
What is the theme of C3.1 Integration of Body Systems part 2?
What is the theme of C3.1 Integration of Body Systems part 2?
Interaction and Interdependence
What is the level of organization discussed in C3.1 Integration of Body Systems part 2?
What is the level of organization discussed in C3.1 Integration of Body Systems part 2?
Organisms
What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland in darkness?
What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland in darkness?
Melatonin
What is the condition caused by rapid travel between time zones, often associated with sleep disturbance, headaches, and fatigue?
What is the condition caused by rapid travel between time zones, often associated with sleep disturbance, headaches, and fatigue?
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Which of the following is NOT a target of melatonin secretion?
Which of the following is NOT a target of melatonin secretion?
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What is the other name for epinephrine?
What is the other name for epinephrine?
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Which of the following is NOT a way that the release of epinephrine prepares the body for fight or flight?
Which of the following is NOT a way that the release of epinephrine prepares the body for fight or flight?
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Which two glands work together to regulate the endocrine system?
Which two glands work together to regulate the endocrine system?
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What are the two sensory receptors that monitor blood chemistry and provide information about changes in vital conditions?
What are the two sensory receptors that monitor blood chemistry and provide information about changes in vital conditions?
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What part of the brain coordinates responses and sends nerve impulses to the heart to change heart rate and stroke volume?
What part of the brain coordinates responses and sends nerve impulses to the heart to change heart rate and stroke volume?
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What is the normal pH range of blood?
What is the normal pH range of blood?
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What is the part of the nervous system that is responsible for the control of bodily functions not under conscious control, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion?
What is the part of the nervous system that is responsible for the control of bodily functions not under conscious control, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion?
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What is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the movement of food along the digestive system?
What is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the movement of food along the digestive system?
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What is the involuntary relaxation and contraction of muscles that move contents along the digestive system?
What is the involuntary relaxation and contraction of muscles that move contents along the digestive system?
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Which of the following is NOT a key term associated with C3.1 Integration of Body Systems?
Which of the following is NOT a key term associated with C3.1 Integration of Body Systems?
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Swallowing is an example of an involuntary process controlled by the enteric nervous system.
Swallowing is an example of an involuntary process controlled by the enteric nervous system.
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What are two examples of branching (dendritic) and net-like (reticulate) patterns of organization?
What are two examples of branching (dendritic) and net-like (reticulate) patterns of organization?
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What are the consequences of positive feedback in biological systems?
What are the consequences of positive feedback in biological systems?
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Study Notes
Integration of Body Systems Part 2
- The theme is Interaction and Interdependence
- The level of organization is Organisms
- The diagram shows the relationship between cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- The diagrams illustrate the different levels of organization, from the smallest unit (cell) to the largest (organism)
Modulation of Sleep Patterns
- Sleep patterns are modulated by melatonin secretion, a part of circadian rhythms
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin in a diurnal pattern
- Melatonin helps establish a cycle of sleeping and waking
Circadian Rhythms
- Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes following a 24-hour cycle
- These natural processes respond mostly to light and dark
- They affect animals, plants, and microbes
- The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which establishes waking during daylight and sleeping at night
Melatonin
- Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in darkness
- It synchronizes circadian rhythms, including sleep timing and blood pressure regulation
- Jet lag is caused by travelling rapidly between time zones, and symptoms include sleep disturbances, headaches, fatigue, and irritability
- Typically symptoms fade after a few days
- Taking melatonin close to the sleep time of the destination can alleviate jet lag symptoms
Melatonin and Sleep
- Blue light suppresses melatonin secretion from the pineal gland
- Melatonin levels increase in the evening, signalling it's time to sleep
- Levels peak in the middle of the night
- Melatonin levels drop in the morning, signaling it's time to wake up
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Secretion
- The adrenal glands secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) to prepare the body for vigorous activity
- The effects of epinephrine facilitate intense muscle contraction
- Reading the linked article can explain the role of epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, in the fight or flight response
Fight or Flight
- Epinephrine release prepares the body for intense physical activity by:
- widening the bronchioles to increase oxygen intake
- converting glycogen into glucose for energy
- increasing heart rate and pump strength
- diverting blood flow towards muscles
- dilating the pupils to enhance vision
Control of the Endocrine System
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate the endocrine system
- The hypothalamus monitors the body's internal conditions and releases hormones
- The pituitary gland then releases hormones to other glands in the body
- The releasing factors from the hypothalamus trigger the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
Feedback Control of Heart Rate
- Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
- Chemoreceptors monitor blood pH and oxygen & carbon dioxide levels
- The medulla oblongata coordinates responses to changes in heart rate and stroke volume.
- This involves sending nerve impulses to the heart via the nervous system.
Baroreceptors & Chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors are stretch-sensitive receptors that monitor pressure in the blood.
- Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood chemistry (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH)
- Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are located in regions of the aorta and carotid arteries.
- Both signal to the medulla oblongata in the brain stem
Exercise and Blood Chemistry
- Exercise increases respiration in muscle tissues, leading to changes in blood chemistry, primarily more carbon dioxide
- Increased respiring tissue removes oxygen from the blood and also releases carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide levels increasing causes a decrease in blood pH
- Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery detect this change, and send signals to the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata
- Signal the increase rate of heart beats and stroke volume
Rest and Blood Chemistry
- After exercise, respiration rate decreases, causing less carbon dioxide is produced
- This increase in blood pH is measured by the receptors
- Signals sent to decrease heart rate
Changing Blood Pressure and Heart Beat
- Baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery help monitor blood pressure changes
- When blood pressure changes, the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata triggers neural and hormonal adjustments to restore normal heart rate
Feedback Control of Ventilation Rate
- Understanding the causes of blood pH changes
- The changes in blood pH are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brainstem
- These chemoreceptors regulate ventilation rate by signaling to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Carbon Dioxide and Blood pH
- When carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma, it forms carbonic acid, and reduces the pH of the blood.
- Increased physical activity with increasing breathing increases carbon dioxide removal in the blood
- Chemoreceptors monitor changes, and the respiratory control center regulates rate and depth of ventilation to maintain normal blood pH
Control of Ventilation
- Chemoreceptors in carotid arteries and the medulla oblongata sense changes in blood pH
- This change affects ventilation rate by signaling to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Exercise and Ventilation Rate
- Exercise increases muscle respiration rate, releasing more carbon dioxide
- Higher carbon dioxide levels decrease blood pH
- Chemoreceptors detect this pH drop
- The respiratory control centre signals the intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase ventilation rate
- After exercise, decreased respiration reduces carbon dioxide concentration
- This causes an increase in blood pH
- The respiratory centre reduces signals to slow the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Control of Peristalsis
- Swallowing and elimination is under voluntary CNS control
- Peristalsis (involuntary movement of food through digestive tract) is controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS)
- The ENS coordinates movement of material in the gut via peristalsis
The Enteric Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system controls many involuntary body functions
- The enteric nervous system is a branch of the autonomic nervous system which controls the digestive system
- Peristalsis, the digestive movement of food, happens from the ENS
Peristalsis
- Peristalsis is the involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles
- Peristalsis moves the contents through the digestive system
Control of the Digestive System
- Swallowing and egestion are voluntary CNS actions
- Peristalsis (movement of food through digestive tract) is under involuntary ENS control
Review and Discussion: SL & HL Key Terms
- List of key terms, including cells, multicellular tissues, organs, organ systems, emergent properties, nervous system, endocrine system, etc, are provided. These terms are important in understanding the functioning of body systems.
Linking Questions
- Example of dendritic and netlike patterns of organization
- Consequences of positive feedback in biological systems
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Description
Explore the interaction and interdependence of body systems through the levels of organization from cells to organisms. This quiz will cover key concepts including the role of melatonin in sleep patterns and the importance of circadian rhythms. Dive into diagrams and relationships that illustrate how life functions at various organizational levels.
