Chapter 4 - Body Systems Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

The largest organ in the body is the?

skin

Skin prevents ___ to internal organs.

injury

Skin also prevents the loss of too much______ which is essential to life.

water

The skin is also a ______ organ that feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.

<p>sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels __ or widen, when the outside temperature is too high.

<p>dilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessel ____ or narrow, when the outside temperature is too cold.

<p>constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body is shaped by muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human body has 215 bones.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bones protect the body organs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two bones meet at a joint.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscles allow movement of body parts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Range of motion exercises help prevent problems related to immobility.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atrophy occurs when a muscle weakens, decreases in size, and wastes away.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

One way to prevent falls is to keep walkers or canes within reach.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arthritis is a general term referring to _________ of the joints.

<p>swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body when a person suffers from an autoimmune illness?

<p>The immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoarthritis is common in?

<p>the elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an NA sees NWB on a resident's care plan, the resident?

<p>is unable to support any weight on one or both legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side should a resident recovering from a hip replacement dress first?

<p>affected (weaker side)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fractures are broken bones and are often caused by?

<p>osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of pillow immobilizes and positions the hips and lower extremities after a hip replacement?

<p>an abduction pillow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of a knee replacement?

<p>A knee replacement can help restore motion to the knee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nervous system control?

<p>controls and coordinates body function</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main parts of the nervous system are?

<p>central nervous system and peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident who has paralysis after a stroke will usually not need therapy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leg exercises help improve circulation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When helping with transfers or ambulation, the NA should stand on the resident's stronger side.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should always use a gait belt for safety when helping a resident who has had a stroke to walk.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should refer to the side that has been affected by the stroke as the 'bad side' so that the resident will understand which side the NA is talking about.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestures and smiles are important when communicating with a resident who has had a stroke.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident who suffers confusion or memory loss due to stroke may feel more secure if the NA keeps a routine of care.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident who has a loss of sensation could easily burn himself.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should ask questions that can be answered with a 'yes' or 'no' when communicating with a resident who has had a stroke.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting with dressing a resident who has had a stroke, the NA should dress the stronger side first.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson's disease causes a shuffling gait and a mask-like facial expression.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pill-rolling is something that people with Parkinson's do before taking their medication.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident with Parkinson's disease should be discouraged from performing her own care to save energy.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple Sclerosis causes the protective _____ for the nerves, spinal cord, and white matter of the brain to break down over time.

<p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a person with MS, nerves cannot send ____ to and from the brain in a normal way.

<p>messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of MS include _____ vision, fatigue, tremors, poor balance, and trouble walking.

<p>blurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should offer _______ periods as necessary for residents with MS.

<p>rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should give residents plenty of time to _____ because people with MS often have trouble forming their thoughts.

<p>communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ can worsen the effects of MS, so the NA should remain calm and listen to residents when they want to talk.

<p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effects of a spinal cord injury depend on the location of the injury and the force of impact.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lower the injury on the spinal cord, the greater the loss of function will be.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quadriplegia is a loss of function of the lower body and legs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rehabilitation is of little help for people who have had spinal cord injuries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident with a head or spinal cord injury will need emotional support as well as physical help.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident with a spinal cord injury may not feel a burn because of a loss of sensation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NA should help the resident change position at least every two hours to prevent pressure injuries.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident with a spinal cord injury should drink very little fluid to prevent UTI.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the five sense organs of the body.

<p>eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system is made up of the ____, blood, and blood _____.

<p>heart ; blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood carries food, ____ and other substances cells need to function.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system removes ____ products from cells.

<p>waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consistent blood pressure measurement at which a person is diagnosed with hypertension?

<p>130/80 or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three possible causes of hypertension?

<p>Kidney disease, tumors of the adrenal glands and pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coronary artery disease (CAD) lowers the supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart and can lead to heart attack or stroke.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart needs more oxygen when the body is at rest.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pain of angina pectoris is usually described as pressure or tightness in the left side of the chest.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person suffering from angina pectoris may sweat, look pale, and have trouble breathing.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person with CAD rests, it helps the blood flow return to normal.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A NA can administer nitroglycerin to a resident when the resident requests it.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A resident who has CAD may need to avoid heavy meals and intense exercise.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

List six things that may be included in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

<p>low cholesterol, low-fat, and low sodium diet; regular exercise program; regular blood testing; stopping smoking; avoiding cold temperatures; stress management programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Congestive heart failure can be treated and controlled with?

<p>medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medications help remove excess ____. This means more trips to the ____.

<p>fluids ; bathroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

Limited ____ or _____ may be prescribed.

<p>activity ; bed rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Residents may need to be ____ at the same time every day.

<p>weighed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extra _____ may help residents who have trouble breathing.

<p>pillows</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common side effect of CHF medication is?

<p>dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a condition in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough?

<p>blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

PVD is caused by?

<p>fatty deposits in blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respiration occurs in the lungs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expiration is breathing in.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regular exercise and movement should be encouraged.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Residents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have difficulty with?

<p>breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a person with COPD, a common fear is?

<p>not being able to breathe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best position for a resident with COPD?

<p>sitting upright.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Part of the NA's role in caring for a resident with COPD includes?

<p>being calm and supportive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are grouped under?

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the two vital functions of the urinary system.

<p>eliminate waste product created by the cells; maintains the water balance in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why the female bladder is more likely to become infected with bacteria than the male bladder?

<p>the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To avoid infections, women should wipe the perineal area from front to back after elimination.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Limiting fluid intake helps prevent urinary tract infections (UTI's).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taking baths, rather than showers, helps prevent UTI's.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the two functions of the gastrointestinal system.

<p>Digestion - the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed by the cells; Absorption - is the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keeping the body in this position during sleep may help symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

<p>upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enlarged veins in the rectum that cause itching and burning are called?

<p>hemorrhoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Treatment of constipation often includes eating more of this.

<p>fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

An artificial opening in the body is called?

<p>stoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frequent elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces is called?

<p>diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for gastroesophageal reflux disease?

<p>GERD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system is made up of ____.

<p>glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.

<p>hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

As a person ages, the body is less able to handle ___.

<p>stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough or properly use?

<p>insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sugars collecting in the blood cause problems with?

<p>circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin and Its Functions

  • Skin is the largest organ in the body, essential for protection.
  • It prevents injury to internal organs and helps retain vital water for life.
  • Functions as a sense organ detecting heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure.

Bones and Joints

  • The human body contains 206 bones, which protect organs and form the body's structure.
  • Bones meet at joints, allowing for movement, which is facilitated by muscles, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
  • Range of motion exercises are critical for preventing problems linked to immobility.

Muscle Conditions

  • Muscle atrophy refers to the weakening or wasting away of muscle tissue.
  • Keeping mobility aids, like walkers, within reach can help prevent falls, especially in older adults.

Arthritis

  • Arthritis generally indicates swelling in the joints and can affect mobility.

Autoimmune Illnesses

  • Autoimmune conditions result in the immune system attacking normal body tissues.

Osteoarthritis

  • More prevalent in the elderly, osteoarthritis can severely affect joint function and mobility.

Mobility After Injury

  • "NWB" on a care plan indicates non-weight-bearing status on legs.
  • For those recovering from hip replacements, dressing the affected side first is crucial.

Fractures

  • Fractures may often result from osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones.
  • An abduction pillow assists in immobilizing the hips post-surgery.

Nervous System Functions

  • The nervous system, consisting of the central and peripheral systems, coordinates body functions.

Stroke Recovery

  • Residents post-stroke may require ongoing therapy and should be encouraged to communicate effectively.
  • Care routines provide security for residents experiencing confusion or memory loss.

Parkinson's Disease

  • A progressive disease leading to degeneration in the brain, causing mobility issues, tremors, and rigid facial expressions like a mask.
  • Independence in self-care is encouraged for residents to maintain energy levels.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

  • MS involves the deterioration of the myelin sheath insulating nerves, impacting message transmission between the brain and body.
  • Symptoms can include blurry vision and fatigue; emotional support is beneficial for residents dealing with MS.

Spinal Cord Injury

  • The severity of injury effects depends on its location; higher injuries can cause more loss of function.
  • Rehabilitation plays a key role in aiding recovery, and consistent emotional and physical support is essential.

Circulatory System

  • Made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, it is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients while eliminating waste.
  • Hypertension is diagnosed at a blood pressure of 130/80 or higher, with possible causes including kidney disease and adrenal tumors.

Heart Conditions

  • Coronary artery disease reduces blood and oxygen supply to the heart, potentially leading to severe complications like heart attacks.
  • Angina pectoris induces chest pain often described as pressure, with symptoms including pallor and difficulty breathing.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Managed with medications that help remove excess fluids and may necessitate frequent bathroom visits.
  • Proper positioning, regular weighing, and providing extra pillows can support residents facing breathing challenges.

Respiratory System

  • Responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, respiration occurs in the lungs.
  • Encouragement of regular exercise and movement is vital, particularly for residents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Urinary System

  • Functions to eliminate waste and maintain water balance; women are more prone to urinary infections due to shorter urethras.
  • Proper hygiene practices and adequate fluid intake are essential in preventing urinary tract infections.

Gastrointestinal System

  • Responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients; maintaining an upright position during sleep can help with reflux symptoms.

Endocrine System

  • Composed of glands that secrete hormones to regulate various body functions, with the body's ability to handle stress decreasing with age.

Diabetes

  • Characterized by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin effectively, leading to high sugar levels in the blood and subsequent circulation issues.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Body Systems and Related Conditions. This study guide covers essential functions and definitions related to the skin and its role in protecting internal organs. Perfect for students preparing for exams on this topic.

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