Integrated Pest Management Chapter

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Questions and Answers

What is one main benefit of crop rotation?

Increases the number of pests in the soil

Enhances nutrient levels for different plants (correct)

Decreases soil erosion

Promotes the growth of identical crops

What distinguishes mechanical control from physical control methods?

Mechanical control uses chemical pesticides.

Physical control targets the pest's reproductive ability only.

Mechanical control is more effective than physical control.

Mechanical control destroys a pest or its reproductive ability. (correct)

Which method is NOT a form of mechanical pest control?

Row covers (correct)

Rototilling

Flaming

Mowing

Which pest control method involves covering plants with sheets?

Row covers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to control pests by altering the environment to be unsuitable for them?

Physical management Signup and view all the answers

Which pest is mentioned as being managed using mechanical control methods?

Tomato hornworms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pest traps?

To catch or kill pests Signup and view all the answers

What does IPM stand for in the context of pest management?

Integrated Pest Management Signup and view all the answers

Why should row covers be frequently checked?

To ensure they are intact and protecting the plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can help identify signs of pest presence?

Hand lens or magnifying glass Signup and view all the answers

When might it be advisable to check for pests during the monitoring process?

At night depending on the pest Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of utilizing certain plants as check plants in pest management?

To save time while allowing for monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What was one key focus of early 1900s research in pest management?

Avoiding harm to beneficial natural enemies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cards can be used to monitor insect pest populations?

Yellow sticky cards Signup and view all the answers

What role do traps play in integrated pest management?

To monitor the presence of pests Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components mentioned in pest analysis besides the actual pest organism?

Signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of integrated pest management (IPM)?

To judiciously use various tools to suppress pests Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is a key component of an effective IPM program?

Monitoring for pests regularly Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a foundational aspect of a successful IPM?

A good monitoring program Signup and view all the answers

How does the traditional approach to pest management differ from IPM?

IPM takes action based on pest population monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Which pests can be included in an IPM monitoring program?

Insects, weeds, vertebrates, and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pitfall of traditional pest management practices?

Over-reliance on preventive pesticide applications Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT part of integrated pest management?

Applying pesticides without monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of catching pest populations early in the IPM approach?

It minimizes the need for control measures Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant drawback of using pesticides?

They can pose hazards to the applicator and others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)?

It is effective primarily on the youngest life stages of insects. Signup and view all the answers

Why are pesticides often chosen as a first option for pest control?

They can control pests over large areas easily. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the speed of pesticides?

They usually work quickly with little lag time. Signup and view all the answers

How can Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) be applied for insect management?

It can be deployed through GMO crops. Signup and view all the answers

What problem may arise from misapplication of pesticides?

Residues can harm the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why some microorganisms are considered advantageous in pest management?

They can be tailored for specific pest types. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Bacillus thuringiensis strains is active against mosquito larvae?

B.t.israelensis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pesticide rotation in an integrated pest management (IPM) program?

To target different systems inside the pest and reduce resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a suppressive tactic in pest management?

Insurance policies Signup and view all the answers

What does proper monitoring in IPM involve?

Utilizing tools like trapping and weather monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the concept of pesticide stewardship?

Implementing practices to extend the efficacy of pesticide tools Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to choose resistant and tolerant cultivars in pest management?

They can help manage pest populations more sustainably Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of employing nuanced decisions in pesticide application?

To minimize pesticide use and reduce potential crop damage Signup and view all the answers

How can altering planting dates assist in pest management?

It helps synchronize pest life cycles with crop growth Signup and view all the answers

What alternative does PAMS offer to traditional IPM?

A novel approach to educating growers about pest management Signup and view all the answers

Cultural management involves changing practices to increase pest pressure.

False Signup and view all the answers

Monitoring for pests is essential after identifying the pest to tailor solutions.

False Signup and view all the answers

A stressed plant is less likely to suffer from pest damage.

False Signup and view all the answers

The right plant in the wrong place can thrive successfully.

False Signup and view all the answers

Master Gardeners are available to assist with pest identification challenges.

True Signup and view all the answers

Synthetic pesticides are always used in organic IPM programs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Understanding soil traits is irrelevant to pest management practices.

False Signup and view all the answers

Identification of pests is only necessary after pests have caused visible damage.

False Signup and view all the answers

Parasitoids usually kill their hosts after injecting their eggs into them.

True Signup and view all the answers

Parasites and parasitoids are the same, as both inflict harm on their hosts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Goldenrod primarily attracts lady beetles and tachinids.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hover flies and lady beetles are examples of beneficial insects mentioned in the context of certain plants.

True Signup and view all the answers

Minute pirate bugs are a type of parasitoid insect.

False Signup and view all the answers

The aphid wasp serves as a nursery for its young by injecting eggs into aphids.

True Signup and view all the answers

Yoarrows are known for attracting only wasps.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lady beetles are not helpful in pest management as they do not feed on pests.

False Signup and view all the answers

Predatory mites can be used to manage spider mites in a garden.

True Signup and view all the answers

Using a liquid insecticide is more effective at keeping residues away from non-targets than using a granular insecticide.

False Signup and view all the answers

All microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria can aid in managing pest populations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Conservation biological control aims to harm native populations of beneficial organisms.

False Signup and view all the answers

Altering pesticide use can reduce non-target impacts in pest management.

True Signup and view all the answers

Creating naturalized areas is a strategy for enhancing conservation biological control.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pesticides play no role in an integrated pest management plan.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hover flies and wasps are beneficial insects that help manage pest populations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strictly excludes the use of all pesticides.

False Signup and view all the answers

The use of insecticides like DDT prompted the formalization of IPM as a pest management philosophy.

True Signup and view all the answers

IPM can be effectively integrated with weather and climate models to track pest populations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Monitoring pest populations does not require record-keeping or mapping efforts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fire blight's emergence can be predicted using specific climate parameters.

True Signup and view all the answers

IPM is often confused with organic agriculture despite being distinct concepts.

True Signup and view all the answers

The prediction model tools provided by the University of Kentucky are unrelated to pest management.

False Signup and view all the answers

In the context of IPM, pesticides are considered the primary tool for pest control.

False Signup and view all the answers

Bio-logical control can completely eliminate a pest population.

False Signup and view all the answers

PAMS stands for prevention, administration, monitoring, and suppression.

False Signup and view all the answers

Applying pesticides at dusk can help avoid harming non-target pollinators.

True Signup and view all the answers

The active ingredient in a pesticide is the chemical that manages the target pest.

True Signup and view all the answers

Resistance in pests can occur due to random mutations or natural selection.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cultural methods, such as sanitation, are effective in preventing pest infestations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pesticides should only be applied to large areas without any consideration of pest presence.

False Signup and view all the answers

Avoidance in pest management refers to ignoring pest populations.

False Signup and view all the answers

IPM became more formalized as a philosophy of pest ______.

management Signup and view all the answers

Monitoring for pests includes creating records and maps of pest ______.

problems Signup and view all the answers

The use of the pesticide ______ in the mid-20th century was part of the heavy reliance on chemical controls.

DDT Signup and view all the answers

Some always define IPM as the avoidance of insecticides and other ______.

pesticides Signup and view all the answers

Fire blight has parameters for its emergence that can be tracked and ______.

predicted Signup and view all the answers

IPM is sometimes conflated with ______ agriculture.

organic Signup and view all the answers

Monitoring includes the use of ______ model tools provided by institutions like the University of Kentucky.

prediction Signup and view all the answers

Keeping track of pests on an annual basis allows for more ______ in the garden.

predictability Signup and view all the answers

Specific traps can include blue or yellow sticky cards frequently used in __________.

greenhouses Signup and view all the answers

Bait or habitat traps may contain food or are themselves __________ for pests.

shelter Signup and view all the answers

An example of a trap to capture vinegar flies is an apple-cider __________ trap.

vinegar Signup and view all the answers

Predators, __________, and parasites are categories of natural enemies that can be used in pest control.

parasitoids Signup and view all the answers

The common image of biological control is to use a beneficial __________ against a pest.

predator Signup and view all the answers

Some predators may specialize in feeding on specific groups of __________.

prey Signup and view all the answers

Pests can hide inside piles of __________ or cardboard to avoid detection.

papers Signup and view all the answers

A gardener can come out in the morning and dispatch pests all in one __________.

place Signup and view all the answers

Pest management is best accomplished through a holistic approach called ______.

integrated pest management Signup and view all the answers

Insect pest populations can sometimes be monitored with ______.

traps Signup and view all the answers

A hand lens or magnifying glass can help to magnify ______ and symptoms for easier identification.

signs Signup and view all the answers

The history of IPM traces back to research done in the early ______.

1900s Signup and view all the answers

Beneficial natural enemies, such as ______, help in the biological control of pests.

lady beetles Signup and view all the answers

Some plants can be designated as ______ plants to save time and allow for monitoring.

check Signup and view all the answers

Pheromones traps are among the various types of ______ deployed to monitor pests.

traps Signup and view all the answers

To confirm the problem, it may be prudent to check for pests at ______.

night Signup and view all the answers

Lady beetles, also known as ______, are beneficial insects that can help with pest control.

ladybugs Signup and view all the answers

Parasitoids, like the aphid wasp, ______ their eggs into a host to continue their life cycle.

inject Signup and view all the answers

The primary difference between parasites and ______ is that parasites typically do not kill their hosts.

parasitoids Signup and view all the answers

Wasps are often considered ______ insects due to their role in pest management.

beneficial Signup and view all the answers

Plants like yarrow (Achillea spp.) and chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) attract ______ which contribute to ecological pest control.

beneficial insects Signup and view all the answers

Minute pirate bugs are a type of ______ that can help manage pest populations.

predator Signup and view all the answers

The role of beneficial insects often includes ______ pests to prevent them from becoming a problem.

eating Signup and view all the answers

Tachinids are a group of ______ that parasitize other insects, aiding in pest control.

wasps Signup and view all the answers

Parasitic nematodes are also known as entomopathogenic ______.

nematodes Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate goal when using pesticides is to choose the least toxic ______.

material Signup and view all the answers

Biological control happens naturally without human ______.

intervention Signup and view all the answers

Common pesticide formulations include aerosols, dusts, granules, and ______.

wettable powders Signup and view all the answers

The pesticide’s formulation can dictate the way the product is ______.

applied Signup and view all the answers

To reduce risk, we must consider both ______ and exposure.

hazard Signup and view all the answers

Biocontrol relies upon monitoring and proper pest ______.

identification Signup and view all the answers

Once a host has been destroyed, nematodes may burst forth from its ______.

body Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM is a balanced approach between traditional pesticide use and complete abstention from pesticides, aiming for selective pest suppression.
The core of IPM involves using all possible tools judiciously to suppress pest populations effectively.

Monitoring

Effective monitoring is crucial for the success of an IPM strategy, allowing early detection of pest populations.
Regular inspections of plants for pests, focusing on flowers, leaves, fruits, and stems, facilitate timely management.
Different monitoring methods include using hand lenses, traps (e.g., sticky cards, pheromone traps), and night inspections for certain pests.

Methods of Pest Management

IPM employs various management methods categorized as cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, and chemical.

Cultural Methods

Practices like crop rotation (e.g., alternating corn and soybeans) support healthy soil and reduce pest stress.

Physical and Mechanical Methods

Physical methods exclude pests by creating unsuitable conditions for them, while mechanical methods involve pest destruction or reproductive inhibition.
Common physical controls include using row covers to shield crops from pests, while mechanical control can involve mowing and tilling.

Trapping and Exclusion

Pests can be trapped using different designs that may attract or capture them effectively.
Pest traps are diverse, and their effectiveness should not be underestimated despite reliance on pesticides.

Biological Control

IPM utilizes natural enemies and microorganisms to manage pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), effective against specific insects.
Different strains of B.t. target various pests (e.g., B.t.kurstaki for caterpillars, B.t.israelensis for mosquito larvae).

Chemical Control

Pesticides remain a popular control option due to their availability, quick action, low cost, and ease of use.
Risks include potential harm to applicators, non-target organisms, and the environment; resistance in pest populations may develop over time.

Resistance Management

Pesticide rotation strategies are essential to prevent resistance, targeting different pest systems and modes of action.
Continuously monitoring pest populations helps determine the efficacy and need for further action in an integrated approach.

Suppression Strategies

Should prevention tactics fail, pest populations can be suppressed through cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods.
Decisions on pesticide use in an IPM program should be made carefully to minimize disruption.

PAMS Approach

PAMS (Preventive, Action Thresholds, Management, and Suppression) offers an alternative perspective on teaching IPM, enhancing growers' understanding and practice.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Established in the 1970s, IPM focuses on a variety of pest management tools rather than relying solely on one method.
Response to the overuse of pesticides like DDT in the mid-20th century, emphasizing sustainable practices.
Recognition that IPM is distinct from organic agriculture, with some programs allowing synthetic pesticides.
Effective monitoring is essential but often overlooked in pest control; it enables predictability and helps manage pest populations.

Monitoring and Cultural Methods

Involves keeping detailed records and maps of pest occurrences to enhance management effectiveness.
Cultural management practices include modifying irrigation, fertilization, and sanitation to minimize pest damage.
Identifying pests is crucial for implementing specific IPM strategies; this can alleviate abiotic stress on plants.

Pest Identification

Accurate identification informs targeted pest management strategies and ensures appropriate interventions.
Knowledge of soil pH, type, moisture retention, and growing zone aids in selecting the right plant for the environment.
Stressed plants are more susceptible to pest damage, making proper plant placement essential to success.

Biological Control

Utilizes natural enemies of pests, including parasitoids and predators, to maintain pest populations.
Conservation biological control practices support beneficial organisms by creating natural habitats near agricultural areas.

Chemical Methods

Microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, nematodes, protozoans) serve as natural pest control agents in IPM.
Pesticides, including fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, can support IPM strategies, but careful application is vital to minimize nontarget risks.
Awareness of pesticide resistance is crucial; resistant pests can arise due to repeated exposure to specific chemicals.

PAMS Framework

PAMS (Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression) provides a structured approach to IPM.
Prevention involves methods to keep pests from becoming established, emphasizing sanitary practices and the removal of alternative hosts.
Avoidance strategies mitigate pest impacts through cultural practices even when pests are present.

Beneficial Plants

Certain plants like Yarrow, Asteraceae, and Sweet Alyssum attract beneficial insects essential for pest control.
Promoting biodiversity with these plants enhances the natural pest management capacity in gardens and fields.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM emerged in the 1970s as a structured approach to pest management, combining various tools to suppress pest populations.
Developed in response to the harmful effects of insecticides like DDT, IPM promotes a holistic strategy rather than reliance on a single method.
Monitoring pests involves using weather and climate models to predict disease conditions, with resources like the University of Kentucky's prediction tools aiding growers.

Monitoring and Record Keeping

Accurate monitoring includes record-keeping and mapping of pest occurrences, allowing for better predictability and management in gardens.
The practice of inspecting specific plants as "check plants" can streamline monitoring efforts without inspecting every plant.
Visual aids like a hand lens can enhance visibility of pest signs and symptoms for accurate identification.

Pest Trapping Techniques

Different traps (yellow sticky cards, pheromone traps, bait traps) are employed for monitoring insect populations regularly.
Traps can include attractants or shelters that draw pests into one location, facilitating their capture.

Biological Control

Biological control refers to leveraging natural enemies of pests to manage pest populations effectively.
Major categories include predators (e.g., lady beetles, hover flies), parasitoids (e.g., aphid wasps), and parasites (e.g., organisms that infest hosts without killing them).
Predators consume multiple prey over time, while parasitoids can effectively reduce pest populations by using hosts for reproduction.

Natural Enemy Deployment

Successful biological control involves careful selection of natural enemies and understanding their roles and targets.
Use of environmental factors, such as shelter and conducive conditions for natural enemies, can enhance their effectiveness in pest management.

Considerations with Pesticides

The goal is to choose the least toxic and most economical pesticide to manage pests effectively, keeping safety in mind.
All pesticides pose inherent hazards, necessitating careful planning to minimize risks associated with biological control methods.

Cost and Application of Biological Control

Biological control agents may incur higher upfront costs compared to traditional pesticides, emphasizing the importance of monitoring effectiveness and timing for application.
Proper identification and release of biological control agents enhance their ability to combat pests during vulnerable population stages.

Environmental and Ecological Awareness

Awareness of potential ecological impacts, such as non-target species affecting other wildlife, is crucial when employing pesticides.
Understanding pesticide formulations (aerosols, granules, powders) allows for tailored application methods that minimize environmental risks.

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Description

Explore the principles of Integrated Pest Management in this chapter by Jonathan L. Larson. Understand the balance between traditional pest control methods and more environmentally-friendly practices. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of pest management strategies and their implementation.