Integrated Pest Management PDF

ENT-69 Integrated Pest Management By Jonathan L. Larson, Extension entomologist. is most accurate to say is that integrated pest management is In this chapter:...

ENT-69 Integrated Pest Management By Jonathan L. Larson, Extension entomologist. is most accurate to say is that integrated pest management is In this chapter: located between the traditional “spray ‘em all” approach and the “never use pesticides” perspective; it is a judicious use of all What is IPM? 01 possible tools that will help to suppress a given pest. Developing an IPM Plan 01 Monitoring 01 Developing an IPM Program Identifying Pests 02 Monitoring Methods of Pest Management 02 The foundation of success for IPM is a good monitoring Cultural Methods 02 program. Monitoring for insects, weeds, and diseases allows Physical Methods 03 populations to be caught when they are easiest to manage, Mechanical Methods 03 and suppression will be more successful. In a more traditional Biological Methods 04 approach, action might not be taken until a high amount of damage has occurred and pest populations are difficult to man- Chemical Methods 06 age. Other times, a preventive application of pesticides may be PAMS 07 applied without verification that the target pest is even present. For More Information 08 By monitoring, those methods can be minimized or avoided. Monitoring can be achieved in multiple ways: Regularly inspect plants, paying close attention to new P ests can be insects, weeds, vertebrates, and diseases. growth. Check flowers, leaves, fruits, and stems. Not every Any organism that causes harm to crops, livestock, or plant has to be inspected necessarily. Designating certain humans can be considered problematic and therefore plants in the garden or field as the check plants for a row or must be managed. In Extension, we practice and teach that pest patch can save time while still allowing for monitoring. management is best accomplished through a holistic approach Plants should be checked for signs (the actual pest organ- called integrated pest management, or IPM. ism) and symptoms (the evidence a pest leaves behind). A hand lens or magnifying glass can help to magnify signs and symptoms for easier identification. Depending on the pest, What is IPM? it may be prudent to check at night rather than during the day to confirm the problem. The history of IPM traces back to research done in the Insect pest populations can sometimes be monitored with early 1900s that focused on how to best use early insecticides traps. Yellow sticky cards, yellow bowl traps, pheromones in ways that wouldn’t harm beneficial natural enemies such as lady beetles. That way, growers could receive the benefits traps, and bait traps can be deployed and checked regularly for the presence of pests. Once a certain number are trapped, of both pesticides and biological control. By the 1970s, IPM a treatment regime might be recommended. became more formalized as a philosophy of pest management Diseases and weeds can often be tracked via weather and that focuses on utilizing the best set of tools to suppress a pest climate models. For example, fire blight has parameters for its population, rather than relying on any one method. emergence that can be tracked and predicted. The University In many ways, IPM as we know it is a response to the heavy of Kentucky provides prediction model tools, such as those use of insecticides such as DDT in the middle part of the available online at http://weather.uky.edu/plant_disease. twentieth century. Some always define IPM as the avoidance html, to help growers monitor for conditions that lead to of insecticides and other pesticides. IPM does not necessarily disease. exclude pesticide use or consider pesticides the “weapon of Monitoring also includes creating records and maps of pest last resort.” problems. By keeping track of pests on an annual basis, this Another issue, in modern times, is that IPM is sometimes allows for more predictability in the garden, and maps can help conflated with organic agriculture. IPM is not inherently focus management efforts on hot spots. organic, as some IPM programs include the use of synthetic pesticides that would not be allowed on an organic site. What CHAPTER 10 Integrated Pest Management Despite the power monitoring gives growers, it is often the Cultural Methods most neglected aspect of pest control. It takes time and dedi- cation—both of which can be in short supply! It is important Cultural management alters the current cultural practices when teaching about pest management to emphasize how to reduce pest pressure or damage from pests. This can include important monitoring is. changes to irrigation, fertilization, and sanitation in efforts to prevent or stop pests. These are some examples that may help in the future. Identifying Pests Monitoring for pests is only half the battle though. Once Right Plant, Right Place a pest has been captured or seen, or its damage has been One mantra that can help to curtail pest problems before observed, it is necessary to figure out its identity. Identification they start is this: “Put the right plant in the right place." Site tips have been covered in other chapters in this manual for traits can dictate which plants might best survive in that envi- various types of pests. Identification is necessary for IPM, as it ronment. Soil pH, soil type, moisture retention, growing zone, allows for more specific approaches to pests and tailoring solu- and more can all impact what the best plant to choose might tions to the situation at hand. Identification also helps to rule be. Ignoring these conditions can mean a plant is set up to be out possible abiotic problems and guarantee a pest problem. stressed and fail from the moment it is planted. Stressed plants If identification proves a bit difficult, Master Gardeners, suffer from more pests and are easier for pests to harm. Extension assistants and agents, and Extension specialists may be able to help. Choosing Resistant or Tolerant Varieties Beyond choosing a plant best suited for the site, some plants Economic and Action Thresholds have also been bred to be resistant or tolerant of certain pests. A resistant plant has been bred to support little to no pests on it. Monitoring for pests allows us to act based on established A tolerant plant cultivar has been bred to be able to host pests, thresholds for specific pests. There are different types of thresh- sometimes for extended periods of time, without exhibiting olds: economic and action. Economic thresholds are usually symptoms. Plants can be resistant or tolerant to insects and established for large-scale agriculture. These thresholds are pathogens. calculated to determine the population level at which a pest is causing enough damage to make a suppression method Irrigation and Fertilization economically sensible. Tending to a plant’s water and fertilizer needs can help the These economic thresholds don’t always apply to the lawn plant to stay healthy. A healthy plant can rebuff pests or can and landscape or to the home garden, where aesthetics may sustain more damage without displaying symptoms. This means be important or there are only a few plants of a given crop. In understanding what the needs of a landscape or garden plant these situations, it may be prudent to act on action thresholds. will be and meeting those. These are sometimes known as aesthetic thresholds, and there There can also be too much of a good thing. Overfertilization is a lower tolerance for the pests in these models. Indoor pests, can stress a plant and open it to pest infestation. Fertilization such as bed bugs or rats, may also have action thresholds. In can also sometimes attract pests; insects in particular can be these instances, just seeing one pest may be enough to begin attracted to plants overfertilized with nitrogen. Overirrigating management. can stress a plant but also creates ideal conditions for pathogens to thrive. Evaluating Results Sanitation The final step in monitoring is evaluation. Continuing to Sanitation is most frequently a preventive pest suppression monitor after a management plan can establish efficacy and strategy. Sanitation can be going through a garden in the fall suggest new possibilities if the original plan didn’t work. It can and removing all debris from the growing season. Doing so also help to track issues such as pesticide resistance, which is removes overwintering habitat for multiple pests and may covered later in this chapter. even remove eggs and pupae that were there for the winter. Sanitizing pruners and other gardening tools in between uses Methods of Pest Management can cut down on the spread of pathogens. Use rubbing alcohol, a disinfectant such as Lysol, or a solution of one part bleach to When it comes to suppressing pest populations, IPM relies nine parts water. If you are pruning diseased plants, make sure on a variety of strategies. Some of these are preventive in nature, to disinfect tools between each plant. Weed control during the hoping to reduce the conditions most favorable to pests, while growing season cuts down on alternative hosts and harborage others are reactive to monitoring results or damage in the field. for pests. Finally, the pruning or removal of infested plants can sanitize the garden of pests. 10-2  Integrated Pest Management CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1. Plant families for rotations. sticky adhesive directly to the plant, first wrap the stem or trunk Plant Family* Representative Members with a three‑ to four‑inch‑wide band of paper, plastic, or cotton. Apiaceae Carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, parsnip Then apply the adhesive to the wrap. Add more adhesive as soon Asteraceae Chicory, endive, globe artichoke, lettuce as the trap is covered with insects, dust, or debris. Brassicaceae Bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, rad- Physical Removal ish, rutabaga, turnip If pests penetrate a barrier to entry, it is still possible to create Chenopodiaceae Beet, spinach, Swiss chard conditions unsuitable for their survival or dispersal. One option Cucurbitaceae Cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash is simple handpicking. Plucking pests, weeds, or diseased plant Fabaceae Bean, pea, vetch material and removing them from the growing setting can make Liliaceae (Alliums) Chive, garlic, leek, onion, shallot it more difficult for the pest to proliferate and stop further dam- Solanaceae Eggplant, pepper, potato, tomatillo, tomato age from occurring. Some pests can be dislodged from a plant *A more complete list of families and representative genera is in Chapter 5, with a forceful stream of water. Small insects in particular can Plant Diseases. be susceptible to physical removal with water. Both of these methods will take time and effort to keep up with pests but Crop Rotation should eventually lead to lower populations. Continuously growing the same plants, or even related Finally, some growers may be able to vacuum pests off plants plants, in a given area is a recipe for pest problems. Insects for physical control. It works best with insects such as whiteflies will infest the location and disease propagules will be able to and spider mites that congregate in groups and do not scatter persist, as a host is constantly provided. Taking at least a grow- when disturbed. Use a handheld, wet-dry vacuum to suck these ing season to switch between, for example, potatoes and leafy pests from infested plants. For best results, vacuum early in the greens, could break the reproductive success of the potato pests morning, when pests are lethargic. Seal the vacuum contents and lead to fewer issues in the future. Crop rotation is often in a bag, freeze overnight if possible, and discard. seen in Kentucky in large-scale agriculture with the switching between corn and soybeans. This highlights another benefit Mechanical Methods of rotation; plants need different nutrient levels, or some may even fix nitrogen. Switching between corn and soybeans can Mechanical and physical controls are often lumped together, replenish soil and reduce stress levels for future plantings. See but there is a distinction. Whereas physical control tries to Table 10.1 for suggested rotations to utilize. exclude pests, mechanical control involves destroying a pest or its ability to procreate. Physical Methods Pest Destruction Physical management of pests focuses on creating condi- One of the most common methods of mechanical control tions that are unsuitable for pest entry, dispersal, survival, or is mowing. Mowing removes large parts of weeds and may kill reproduction. them outright or reduce their ability to procreate. Rototilling is another mechanical method. Tilling will destroy some pests Barriers to Pests in the soil, such as tomato hornworms. It can also bury and Row covers are among the most common methods of pest kill others, or it can destroy overwintering shelters, exposing exclusion through physical control. Row covers are sheets that pests to the elements. One of the more extravagant methods of cover rows of plants or individual plants. They can ensure that pest destruction is flaming. Both weeds and insects have been pests such as squash vine borer, cucumber beetles, flea beetles, managed using fuel-powered jets of flame. whiteflies, aphids, leafminers, and cabbage loopers physically can’t feed on or lay eggs on plants. It is important to check Trapping under covers frequently for intruders. Pests that do get in are Pest traps come in lots of shapes, sizes, and even smells. protected from their natural enemies and can do a lot of dam- Traps are often promoted for use in monitoring for pests, but age. Remove covers if it gets too hot underneath or if plants are they can in some instances mechanically destroy certain pests. in flower and need pollination. In other cases, traps are less mechanical management and are Similar options can include plant collars that protect seed- more of an opportunity for physical removal from the garden lings from cutworm damage. Use toilet paper tubes or cut the or field. Traps can include the following: ends out of tin cans or paper cups to form a tube. Place a tube Pheromone traps—Insect pheromones can be used against over each seedling. Bury the edge of the tube one inch deep. them by designing a lure and then a trap to hold pests. Again, Sticky barriers can be used to catch climbing insects as they these are most often deployed as a monitoring tool, although make their way up a plant’s stem. This technique is effective there is an amount of mechanical control that also occurs as against adult root weevils on ornamentals, ants on fruit trees, insects get stuck in the trap. and climbing caterpillars and beetles. Rather than applying the 10-3 CHAPTER 10 Integrated Pest Management Ground beetle larva (left) and adult Green lacewing larva (left) and adult Big-eyed bug Lady beetle larva (left) and adult Syrphid fly larva (top) and adult Tachinid fly Assassin bug Damsel bug Spined soldier bug Minute pirate bug Robber fly Figure 10.1. Some beneficial predatory insects common to Kentucky. Snap traps and glue traps—These options are used for Biological Methods mechanical destruction of rodent and insect pests. They snare the pest, either with a snapping arm that is triggered by the Biological methods, or biological controls, are foundational pest or with glue from which the pest can’t escape. Insect- to integrated pest management. At the outset of IPM develop- specific traps can include blue or yellow sticky cards that are ment, the focus was on maintaining populations of beneficial frequently used in greenhouses or high tunnels. organisms and avoiding negative impacts from insecticides. Bait or habitat traps—Some traps may contain food or are To define biological control, it is the use of an activity by one themselves shelter for pests. These can concentrate pests in species that reduces the negative impacts of another. one spot, allowing for mechanical destruction or physical Predators, Parasitoids, and Parasites removal from the area. One example is an apple-cider vinegar The common image of biological control is to use a beneficial trap to capture vinegar flies; the odor lures them into the con- predator against a pest. This is a robust and well-researched tainer, and they fly into the trap, never to leave. Newspapers area, but these are not the only “natural enemies” that can be and boards can also be set out as shelter for pests like squash deployed against pests. There are other categories into which bugs. They will hide inside of piles of papers or cardboard these can be separated. or under the boards, allowing a gardener to come out in the Predators: These are animals that attack, kill, and consume morning and dispatch them all in one place. multiple prey items throughout their lifetimes. Some preda- tors may specialize more than others, only feeding on specific groups of prey (such as the mealybug destroyer, which spe- cializes on mealybugs). See Figure 10.1 for some Kentucky examples of predaceous insects used in biocontrol. 10-4  Integrated Pest Management CHAPTER 10 Table 10.2. Garden flowers that attract beneficial insects. Table 10.2. Garden flowers that attract beneficial insects. Common Name Predators Parasitoids Common Name Predators Parasitoids (Botanical Name)* Attracted Attracted (Botanical Name)* Attracted Attracted Apiaceae (carrot family) Fabaceae (legume family) Angelica (Angelica archangelica) Lacewings, — Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Bees, bugs, — lady beetles lacewings, Anise (Pimpinella anisum) — Wasps lady beetles Blue lace (Trachymene coerulea) — Wasps Clover (Trifolium spp.) Bees, bugs, — Caraway (Carum carvi) Bugs, hover Wasps lacewings, flies (syr- lady beetles phid flies), Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family) lacewings Fiddleneck (Phacelia tanacetifolia) Bees, bugs, — Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Hover flies Tachinids, hover flies wasps Polygonaceae (buckwheat family) Dill (Anethum graveolens) Hover flies, Wasps Buckwheat (Eriogonum spp. and Hover flies — lady beetles Fagopyrum spp.) Lovage (Levisticum officinale) — Wasps *This list includes only some of the many plants whose pollen and nectar White lace flower, bishop’s weed (Ammi Bugs, hover Tachinids, attract beneficial insects. majus) flies, lady wasps beetles Yarrow (Achillea spp.) Bugs, lady Wasps Parasitoids: These are animals that attach to or live inside one beetles host, which they will eventually kill. Parasitoid insects often Asteraceae (daisy family) inject their eggs into a host, which then usually ceases to be a Blazing star, gayfeather (Liatris spp.) Bugs Wasps functional pest. One example is the aphid wasp; it injects an Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) Lady beetles — egg into an individual aphid, which serves as a nursery and Coreopsis (Coreopsis spp.) Lacewings, Wasps lady beetles food for the growing baby wasp. As a result, the aphid feeds Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus) Hover flies, — less and doesn’t reproduce. lacewings, Parasites: Often confused with parasitoids, parasites are minute pirate animals that infest a host that they typically won’t kill, though bugs they may make it sick enough that it causes less of an issue Golden marguerite (Anthemis tinctoria) Lady beetles Tachinids, as a pest. wasps Goldenrod (Solidago altissima) Bugs, lady Wasps When using these biological control agents, there are differ- beetles, sol- ent ways to deploy them or utilize them. dier beetles Classical biological control: This is usually done when dealing Marigold, signet (Tagetes tenuifolia) Minute pirate Wasps with an invasive species. The government will dispatch per- bugs sonnel to the invasive species’ native range to find predators Mexican sunflower (Tithonia Hover flies, — rotundifolia) minute pirate and parasitoids that coexist with the pest and bring them back bugs to study. They will be checked to make sure they won’t also Sunflower (Helianthus annuus and H. Hover flies, Wasps become invasive before possibly being released to manage debilis) lady beetles the invasive pest. One famous example is the use of vedalia Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Hover flies, Wasps beetle to control cottony cushion scale. lady beetle larvae Augmentation biological control: This is the purchase and Brassicaceae (cabbage family) release of things like predators and parasitoids. For example, Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Hover flies Wasps one could go to an online retailer and purchase 1,000 lady Candytuft (Iberis umbellata) Hover flies — beetles to release in the garden in the hopes of having them Mustards (Brassica hirta and B. juncea) Big-eyed — help manage aphids. The most successful stories of augmenta- bugs, hover tion biological control have come from greenhouses or using flies, minute small or immature biological control agents rather than adults pirate bugs in the field. For example, predatory mites can be released to Sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima) Hover flies Tachinids, wasps manage spider mites in a garden. Dipsaceae (scabiosa family) Conservation biological control: Agricultural areas or cultural Cephalaria (Cephalaria gigantea) Hover flies Wasps practices can be modified to do less harm to native popula- Pincushion flower (Scabiosa caucasica) Hover flies Wasps tions of beneficial organisms. Such conservation biological Scabiosa (Scabiosa atropurpurea) Hover flies — control could include the creation of naturalized areas, where flowers and insects could live near a field or garden. Any ben- eficials in these areas may spill over into ag production and 10-5 CHAPTER 10 Integrated Pest Management provide benefits. Also, there could be alterations to pesticide But, if properly utilized and supported, biological control use to reduce non-target impacts that harm beneficials. For methods result in fewer pesticides being applied into the envi- example, using a granular insecticide rather than a liquid ronment, can provide season-long suppression of pests, and one can keep residues away from non-targets. Table 10.3 may be more cost-effective in the long run. highlights some plants that may entice beneficials to dwell near your garden. Chemical Methods Microorganisms One question that some people ask about IPM is how pes- Viruses, bacteria, nematodes, and protozoans are also natural ticides can fit into an integrated program. Pesticides, such as enemies that may help to manage some pest populations. While fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, can be an important they aren’t as visible as predators and parasitoids, they do persist part of an integrated pest management plan. While reliance on in nature and provide suppression, even without our input. pesticides may hinder IPM, it is also a mistake to discount the There are some microorganisms that have been “weaponized” effectiveness of these chemicals. Why are pesticides a popular and may be applied to a growing area to provide further pest first choice for pest control? management. Microorganisms can be used against insects, 1. Pesticides are readily available and tend to be easy to use. weeds, and pathogens, though some of the most commonly 2. Pesticides tend to be effective at controlling pests. used ones help with insect pests. 3. Pesticides usually work relatively quickly, with little lag time Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a bacterium containing a toxin between application and control. that poisons some insects. When ingested by a susceptible 4. Large areas can be easier to treat with a pesticide than with insect, it paralyzes the insect’s gut, causing the insect to stop methods like physical or mechanical control. feeding and die within a few days. It is most effective on the 5. Pesticides are also relatively cheap when compared to alterna- youngest life stages. B.t. can be applied but is also deployed tive options such as biological control. through GMO crops, to manage insects feeding on crops It is also fair to point out that, in some cases, a pesticide may like field corn. There are multiple strains of B.t. that can be be the only viable option for success against a particular pest. purchased. Here are a few examples: But there are consequences that may arise from the use of » B.t. kurstaki works on caterpillars, the immature forms pesticides as well. Pesticides can pose a hazard to the applica- of moths and butterflies. tor, as well as anyone else who may be exposed to residues after » B.t. israelensis is active against mosquito and fungus the application. Further, pesticides can have impacts on the gnat larvae. environment; this can come from misapplication or through » B.t. san diego is active against Colorado potato beetles circumstances like drift. When this happens, ground and sur- and elm leaf beetles. face water may be contaminated; fish, birds, and other inver- Parasitic nematodes, also known as entomopathogenic nema- tebrates may be killed; and non-target insects and plants may todes, are microscopic roundworms that can infest and kill be damaged. By carefully considering the situation and needs larval and pupal stages of certain soil‑dwelling insects. Once where a pesticide may be deployed, we can make decisions that a host has been destroyed, nematodes may burst forth from help to minimize the chances of these negative outcomes and its body and then infest other nearby hosts. successfully control pests. Fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, can be applied to infest The ultimate goal when using pesticides is to choose the aphids, thrips, and other soft‑bodied insects. least toxic material that will satisfactorily manage a pest in the most economical way possible. All pesticides have an inher- Biological control happens naturally without human inter- ent hazard; they pose a potential to harm. However, hazards vention, but as shown, there is also opportunity to enhance can be avoided by minimizing risk, which is a combination of what goes on naturally. There are some considerations to be hazard and exposure. To reduce risk, we must consider things kept in mind if biological control is to be a featured part of an like the following: integrated pest management plan: The pesticide’s formulation, or the mixture of ingredients, Biocontrol can have a high upfront cost when first purchas- which can dictate the way the product is applied. Common ing biological control agents, especially when compared with formulations include aerosols, dusts, granules, and wettable traditional pesticides. powders. A more complete list of formulations can be found Biological control relies upon monitoring and proper pest here: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/formulations.html. identification in order to release or apply the biocontrol Choosing different formulations can reduce the risk of pes- agent when populations are most susceptible and to ensure ticides. For example, choosing an insecticide granule rather the correct natural enemy is purchased. than a liquid spray can cut down on exposure to residues for Unlike what might be seen after a pesticide application, bio- bees in the landscape. logical control will never fully eliminate a pest population. There will be background levels of pests present that growers will have to be comfortable with. 10-6  Integrated Pest Management CHAPTER 10 The pesticide’s active ingredient, or the chemical in the prod- uct that manages the target pest. Different active ingredients PAMS pose different levels of hazard. A pesticide’s label should There is a somewhat new way of recontextualizing the many dictate what non-target organisms may be at risk if exposed methods of pest management that are a part of IPM. It is called to the product, allowing for informed choices between dif- PAMS, which stands for prevention, avoidance, monitoring, ferent active ingredients. and suppression. Some growers and educators find PAMS The application methods used for pesticides. By changing helpful to create a sequential plan of action, as opposed to the the time of day that a pesticide is applied, risk can be greatly list of options that IPM sometimes becomes. reduced. For example, treating at dusk avoids non-target pol- Prevention: Prevention is the practice of keeping a pest linators. Other options include spot treatments of small areas population from infesting a field or site and should be the first rather than treating entire landscapes, reducing dosages, and line of defense. Prevention typically uses cultural methods, employing low-volume applications. in particular sanitation, alternative host removal, and proper Another part of using pesticides as part of IPM is recognizing irrigation, to prevent conditions that favor pests. the potential for pesticide resistance. Resistance occurs due to Avoidance: Avoidance may be practiced when pest popula- the pressure being placed on populations of pests by pesticides. tions exist in a field or site but the impact of the pest on the A random mutation may occur, or the pest could be naturally crop can be avoided through cultural practices. This includes predisposed to resistance, but either way, a population will choosing resistant and tolerant cultivars, crop rotation, and slowly be able to withstand applications of products that had altering planting dates. previously been effective at killing them. As part of an IPM pro- Monitoring: Monitoring and proper identification of pests gram, pesticide rotation must be practiced. Rotation describes through surveys or scouting programs, including trapping, using a different mode of action against pest populations that weather monitoring and soil testing where appropriate, have already been treated. Modes of action are the ways in should be performed to see if prevention and avoidance have which an active ingredient kills the pest. By switching between been successful, or if further action is needed. Monitoring different modes of action, we are targeting different systems involves the many tools and traps listed earlier in the chapter. inside of the pest and reducing the chances that resistance may Suppression: Suppression of pest populations may become arise. This is part of pesticide stewardship, a way of making necessary to avoid economic loss if prevention and avoidance sure that pesticidal tools are effective for longer periods of time. tactics are not successful. The primary suppressive tactics that By taking all of these factors into consideration, nuanced growers can employ include cultural, physical, mechanical, decisions about pesticides in an IPM plan can be made. biological, and chemical control. This includes the options Rather than relying on “one-size-fits-all” pesticide applications, outlined above. pesticides should be deployed in the least disruptive way pos- To learn more about PAMS, see this link: https://www.canr. sible. They don’t have to be consider the final option for an msu.edu/ipm/uploads/files/NRCS/PAMSapproach2010-9- IPM program. 1new.pdf PAMS does not replace IPM as much as it offers an alterna- tive perspective on teaching IPM to growers. The more sequen- tial nature utilizes all the same tactics that are usually taught with IPM, but it just puts them in a slightly different order. 10-7 CHAPTER 10 Integrated Pest Management For More Information: https://ipmworld.umn.edu/ https://ipm.ca.uky.edu/ http://npic.orst.edu/ Photos by Ric Bessin and Blake Newton, Entomology, University of Kentucky. Revised 01-2024