L30. Physiology - Endocrine Pancreas

<p>It is a tyrosine kinase receptor, triggering phosphorylation of IRS proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipolysis: Decreased (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a docking site for other signaling proteins, initiating downstream effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a primary antagonist to glucagon, promoting glucose storage and utilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased plasma glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon promotes the conversion of amino acids into glucose in the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin promotes the storage of glucose in muscle and fat tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are low in carbohydrates, the primary energy source for the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin stimulates glucose uptake while glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis to prevent hypoglycemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids stimulate the secretion of glucagon, promoting gluconeogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin promotes the absorption and storage of glucose from the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia by balancing glucose production and storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting the conversion of amino acids into glucose via gluconeogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin is initially dominant, but glucagon takes over to promote glucose production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the absorption of glucose by muscle and fat tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to produce sufficient insulin, leading to hyperglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue regeneration from stem cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immuno-modulation treatments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired insulin sensitivity, resulting in resistance to insulin action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves multiple genetic and environmental factors, leading to varied clinical manifestations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PLC pathway (A), cAMP/PKA pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proinsulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-peptide is a by-product of insulin synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin inhibits catabolic processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the production of glucose transporters on the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosine kinase receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions are involved in the exocytosis of insulin secretory granules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum levels of amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit glucagon secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon secretion is directly linked to the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-adrenergic signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote glycogen breakdown and glucose release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low levels of glucose stimulate glucagon secretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the use of amino acids for energy production during fasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of nitrogenous waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase blood glucose levels when they are low (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-carbohydrate meal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon exacerbates the effects of insulin deficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced glucose uptake by cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increase in intracellular Ca++ causes exocytosis of insulin secretory granules.

A pathway that modulates insulin secretion and promotes vesicle fusion.

Another pathway involved in the regulation of insulin secretion, can either promote or inhibit vesicle fusion.

Initial form of insulin before conversion to proinsulin.

Form of insulin that is produced after preproinsulin and before active insulin.

Insulin stimulates anabolism by increasing uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Insulin antagonizes catabolism by decreasing glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis.

Insulin alters electrolyte balance in the body.

Insulin decreases glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis.

The process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, suppressed by insulin.

Insulin increases cellular uptake of potassium and phosphate, decreases sodium and calcium uptake.

Insulin binds at a tyrosine kinase receptor on the cell surface.

Downstream effects vary by tissue but involve the phosphorylation of an IRS protein.

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose, reduced by insulin action.

The breakdown of fats into fatty acids, antagonized by insulin.

Insulin promotes the cellular uptake of potassium, aiding electrolyte balance.

Amino acids stimulate insulin secretion, promoting glucose storage.

Glucagon helps convert excess amino acids into glucose via gluconeogenesis.

Insulin and glucagon secretion prevents low blood sugar from protein-only diets.

Simultaneous insulin and glucagon prevent high blood sugar after protein meals.

Amino acids stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion at the same time.

Insulin promotes glucose absorption and storage in fat and muscle tissues.

Amino acids are pivotal in regulating blood glucose through hormonal stimulation.

Glucagon-like proteins that play a role in metabolism regulation.

The process by which glucagon levels are controlled by glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Glucose and fatty acids inhibit the secretion of glucagon.

Amino acids stimulate the secretion of glucagon when levels are high.

Glucagon secretion is linked to the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Glucagon secretion can be influenced by sensory inputs like pain or loud noise.

Activation of α-adrenergic signaling stimulates glucagon secretion.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems both influence glucagon secretion.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, especially in diabetes.

An abnormally high level of glucose in the blood, characteristic of diabetes.

A state where nitrogen excretion exceeds nitrogen intake, often due to increased gluconeogenesis.

Byproducts of fat metabolism that increase during insulin insufficiency in diabetes.

A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and insulin insufficiency.

A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake into cells.

Amino acids stimulate both glucagon and insulin secretion after a protein meal.

Glucagon helps prevent hypoglycemia that might occur from a protein-only diet.

Insulin promotes absorption and storage of glucose by tissues after food intake.

Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta islet cells in the pancreas.

Possible treatments include hormone replacement, organ transplant, and stem cell regeneration.

Type 2 diabetes has a more complex progression and treatment challenges than Type 1.

Amino acids trigger concurrent secretion of insulin and glucagon after protein intake.