Insulin and Glutathione Quiz

Questions and Answers

What percentage of diabetes patients are typically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

75%

95%

90% (correct)

50%

Which of the following statements accurately describes typical patients with type 2 diabetes?

Most patients are under 30 years old.

Patients usually have some degree of insulin resistance. (correct)

Patients often have a normal body weight.

Patients are predominantly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

A condition where blood glucose levels are elevated but do not meet the criteria for diabetes is known as?

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Metabolic syndrome

Prediabetes (correct)

Hypertension

What is the typical range for fasting blood sugar levels in someone with impaired fasting glucose (IFG)?

100 to 125 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the progression of type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance progresses to hyperinsulinemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of insulin resistance syndrome?

Clustering of diseases that increase cardiovascular risk. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone continues to be produced by the pancreas in individuals with type 2 diabetes?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the typical onset of type 2 diabetes?

Gradual onset often with years of undetected hyperglycemia. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of type 2 diabetes patients are typically classified as overweight?

80% - 90% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with insulin resistance syndrome?

Cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of insulin on glycogen metabolism?

Inhibits glycogenolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is NOT insulin-dependent for glucose uptake?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of high levels of insulin in the body?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is increased in activity due to insulin's effect on glycolysis?

Glucokinase Signup and view all the answers

What substance is decreased due to insulin's effect on gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate carboxylase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a biological effect of insulin?

Increasing protein degradation Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is primarily stimulated by insulin in adipose tissue?

Lipogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by islet cell tumors producing excessive insulin?

Insulinoma Signup and view all the answers

What percentage range of women with gestational diabetes might develop type 2 diabetes after pregnancy?

20% to 50% Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition commonly associated with diabetes results from mutations that lead to insufficient insulin release?

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary health risk associated with prediabetes beyond progressing to diabetes?

Increased risk of heart disease and stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)?

LADA progresses to insulin dependence more rapidly than type 2 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes MODY from other types of diabetes?

It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor leads to hyperglycemia as seen in diabetes mellitus?

Diminished secretion of insulin or insulin action Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is directly stimulated by hypoglycemia to raise blood sugar levels?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by the presence of glucose in the urine?

Glycosuria Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is used to promote endogenous insulin secretion in diabetes treatment?

Sulfonylureas Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the excessively high levels of blood glucose above 120 mg per 100 ml?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue leads to the chronic hyperglycemia observed in diabetes mellitus?

Defects in carbohydrate metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypoglycemia?

Increased urination Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diabetes mellitus' literally refer to?

Large volume of urine and sweet-tasting urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the renal threshold for glucose excretion?

180 mg per 100 ml Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in the compensatory reactions of hypoglycemia?

Stimulation of ACTH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism increases blood sugar levels during sympathetic nerve stimulation?

Mobilization of liver glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the renal threshold for glucose, indicating when glucose will start leaking into the urine?

180 mg per 100 ml Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when blood sugar levels are elevated?

Increased rate of oxidation of sugar in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when assessing hypoglycemic symptoms?

Duration of hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum ability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose per minute known as?

Tubular maximum for glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hyperglycemia on the secretion of growth hormone?

Depresses secretion of growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical symptom of hypoglycemia that affects nerve cells most directly?

Extreme anxiety and irritability Signup and view all the answers

How do tissue fluid and plasma glucose levels relate to each other?

Both are maintained at nearly the same glucose content Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with diabetes, when do hypoglycemic symptoms typically start?

At a blood sugar level much above normal Signup and view all the answers

What is one way tissues utilize glucose aside from energy production?

Conversion into lipids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glutathione Insulin Transhydrogenase (Insulinase)

Insulinase plays a role in regulating insulin and glucose profiles in non-diabetic individuals across meal times.
Insulin levels peak post-meal to facilitate glucose uptake and prevent excessive blood sugar elevation.

Normal Insulin Metabolism

Post-meal insulin action includes:
- Storing glucose as glycogen.
- Inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
- Enhancing fat storage in adipose tissue.
- Increasing protein synthesis.

Biological Effects of Insulin

Promotes cell growth and development, mediated by factors like epidermal growth factor and prostaglandins.

Regulation of Insulin Secretion

Insulin secretion is stimulated by rising blood glucose levels after meals.

Effects of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism

Enhances glucose uptake in:
- Skeletal and cardiac muscles.
- Adipose tissue.
- Mammary glands.
Tissues that are independent of insulin for glucose uptake:
- Brain, red blood cells (RBC), testis, kidneys, retina, intestinal mucosal cells.

Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzyme Activity

Glycolysis: Increased activity of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Glycogenesis: Increased glycogen synthase.
HMP shunt: Increased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Gluconeogenesis: Decreased activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes.
Glycogenolysis: Decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.

Lipid Metabolism

Lipogenesis is increased, promoting:
- De novo fatty acid synthesis via acetyl CoA carboxylase.
- Availability of NADPH.
Adipose tissue support for lipoprotein lipase activity increases.
Lipolysis is decreased, affecting hormone-sensitive lipase.
Ketogenesis is inhibited.

Protein Metabolism

Protein synthesis is enhanced through:
- Increased RNA polymerase activity and amino acid uptake.
Protein degradation is inhibited by decreased transaminases and deaminases.

Adverse Effects of Insulin

Potential negative effects include:
- Hypoglycemia, lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, obesity.
- Insulin allergy and formation of insulin antibodies.
- Insulin-induced edema.

Diabetes Symptoms and Classification

Primary symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, and vision impairment.
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin production or action.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Typically affects individuals over 40 and is associated with obesity in 80-90% of cases.
Insulin resistance is a key feature, leading to inadequate glucose utilization and persistent hyperglycemia.
Precursor conditions include impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Prediabetes

A condition where blood glucose levels are elevated but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis.
Weight loss and increased physical activity can delay or prevent progression to diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes

Diagnosed in some women during pregnancy, particularly those who are obese or have a family history of diabetes.
Requires treatment during pregnancy to avoid complications in the infant.

Other Forms of Diabetes

Includes types resulting from specific genetic conditions, surgery, drugs, or infections.
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) arises from genetic mutations affecting insulin release and can arise at any age.
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) mimics type 2 diabetes initially but progresses quickly to insulin dependence in many cases.

Insulin and Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop below normal, leading to various nervous system symptoms.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can be relieved by administering glucose.
Compensatory mechanisms include hormone secretion that opposes insulin to restore blood sugar levels.

Insulin Preparation

Available in short-acting and long-acting formulations to manage blood glucose levels effectively.

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Description

Test your knowledge on insulin, glucose profiles, and the role of glutathione insulin transhydrogenase. This quiz covers key concepts related to insulin levels and their variations during meals. Be prepared to explore the relationship between insulin and non-diabetic glucose metabolism.